Ю.Ц.Оганесян Лаборатория ядерных реакций им. Г.Н. Флерова Объединенный институт ядерных исследований Пределы масс и острова стабильности сверхтяжелых ядер.

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Ю.Ц.Оганесян Лаборатория ядерных реакций им. Г.Н. Флерова Объединенный институт ядерных исследований Пределы масс и острова стабильности сверхтяжелых ядер Физика фундаментальных взаимодействий 2009 Сессия-конференция секции ядерной физики ОФН РАН ноября, 2009г., ИТЭФ, Москва

92 U / T α = 4.5·10 9 y Chart of nuclides 82 Pb / stable Bi Th 102 No / T α ≈ 2 s about 50 years ago… Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model) Spontaneous fission T SF = 2·10 -7 y T SF = y T SF < s

Spontaneous Fission Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model) Exp. Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Chart of nuclides spherical shells deformed shells deformed shells spherical shells 126 Pb X 82 Nuclear shells (macro-microscopic approach)

Fission Barriers …and Half - Lives R. Smolańczuk, Phys. Rev. C 56 (1997) 812 Predictions of the microscopic theory

Island of Stability shoal peninsula continent New lands Neutron number P r o t o n n u m b e r Island of Stability Shoal New lands Microscopic theory Peninsula Continent Sea of Instability about 40 years ago… LogT 1/2 s 1µs 1s1s1h1h 1y1y 1My

Reaction of Synthesis

Reactions of synthesis Light ions Neutron capture Cold fusion target from “continent” Act.+ 48 Ca target from “peninsula” Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

SHE Pb neutrons → Cold fusion Act.+ 48 Ca protons → Reactions of Synthesis Neutron capture Hot fusion Hot fusion Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

σ xn ~ ( Γ n / Γ f ) x ; х – number of evaporated neutrons ( Γ n / Γ f ) ~ exp [( B f – B n )] B f = B f LD + ΔE Shell 0 Cross sections E x =40-50 MeV Yu. Oganessian et al. Phys. Rev.

Act + 48 Ca 208 Pb spherical deformed spherical Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Act Ca Targets:thickness (mg/cm 2 ) Isotope enrichment (%) 233 U U Np Pu Chemistry Pu Am Chemistry Cm Cm Cf Projectiles 48 Ca Energy: MeV Intensity: pμA Consumption: 0.5 mg/h Beam dose: ( )∙10 19 Reactions of Synthesis 249 Bk 0.35 ≥ 90

Measured parameters: For recoils: energy TOF positions For decay product: energy time positions Experimental Setup Total detection efficiency: for α-particles…………..83% for SF-fragment…….~ 100% for both fragments……..42% Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

242 Pu + 48 Ca, 3n Yu. Oganessian J. Phys. G. 34 (2007) R165 strip number position Position deviation (mm) Counts / 0.1 mm Detector area ~5000 mm 2 Pixel: 6.5 mm 2

Alpha particle energy (MeV) 242 Pu( 48 Ca; 3n, 4n) 287, Cm( 48 Ca; 2n, 3n) 291, U( 48 Ca; 3n, 4n) 283, Cf( 48 Ca; 3n), even-odd even-even Alpha-particle spectra of SH-nuclei

xn-channel cross sections from 242,244 Pu+ 48 Ca reactions the maximum cross sections for evaporation residues are observed at the excitation energy ~ 40 MeV (hot fusion ). Excitation functions Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Yu. Oganessian et al., Phys. Rev C 74, (2006) Synthesis of Element 118 Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

244 Pu, 248 Cm 237 Np 243 Am 242 Pu, 245 Cm 249 Cf Decay chains Decay chains 36 nuclides 89 decay chains was registered 249 Bk( 320d )+ 48 Ca FLNR-ORNL-LLNL collaboration

22 mg of 249 Bk have been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by intense neutron irradiation for 250 days in the High Flux Isotope Reactor Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва June 2009

Confirmation 16 evens18 evens 5 events 3 events Dubna Reaction: 242,244 Pu + 48 Ca - 287, ,4n CHEMISTRY 4 events 22 events

Decay Properties

Spontaneous fission half-lives Actinides Trans-actinides Superheavy nuclei

Half lives of nuclei with Z ≥ 110 Half lives of nuclei with Z ≥ 110 Act Ca N=162 available for chemical studies

With Z >40% larger than that of Bi, the heaviest stable element, that is an impressive extension in nuclear survival. Although the SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability, shell stabilization lowers: the ground-state energy, creates a fission barrier, and thereby enables the SHN to exist. The fundamentals of the modern theory concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter have obtained experimental verification Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

neutrons → protons → SHE Search for SHE in Nature Atomic structure and chemical properties of the SHE Nuclear structure and decay properties of the SHN Search for new shells Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Chemical properties

Atomic properties Hg Pb Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Chemical properties Chemical properties Ca 20 Pu Rn relativistic

Reaction: 242 Pu (48 Ca,3n) [0.5s ]→α→ [3.6s ] Compound Hg(Au) and 112(Au) Compound Hg(Au) and 112(Au) R. Eichler et al., Nature 447 (2007) 72 Au SiO 2 Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

Reaction: 242 Pu (48 Ca,3n) [0.5s ] Compound Pb(Au) and 114(Au) Compound Ю.Ц. Оганесян «Пределы масс атомных ядер» 27 ноября 2009г. ИТЭФ, Москва

more and more inert? Periodic Table of Elements Yu.Oganessian. Perspectives of JINR – ORNL Collaboration in the studies of SHE. JINR Scientific Council, Sept , Dubna

Progress in HE-research neutrons protons

Спасибо за внимание к моему сообщению

10 8 y 10 5 y 1 y1 y 1 d1 d Search for SHE In Nature Search for SHE In Nature

Th U Pu Pb Hs β-β- β-β- β-β- waiting point

A. Mamdouh et al., Nucl. Phys. A679 (2001) 337 Extended Thomas-Fermi plus Strutinsky integral method Calculated fission barrier heights α -decay β - -decay EC SF Z=108 Cyclamen 1966

the counting rate 1 decay / year from a 1000-g metallic Os sample corresponds to the ratio Hs/Os: ~ 7· g/g or ~ g/g in the Earth's crust or in the meteorit’s matter Assuming for the SH-nuclide T SF = 10 9 years Fréjus peak Modane in comparison with previous attempts the sensitivity is increased by a factor ~ 10 9 Yu. Oganessian “Heaviest Nuclei” Int. Conf. Nuclear Structure & Dynamics. May 4-8, 2009, Dubrovnik, Croatia