The Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance- “rebirth” –Philosophical and artistic movement beginning in the 1300s –Renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman literature and life –Movement by the Church to teach the humanities in their scholastic education –Became known as “Humanism”

Humanism Placing an emphasis on teaching individualism and achievement Humanists believed that the potential of the human mind was almost limitless

Why the Renaissance now? The plague, starvation, and wars had overtaken Europe in the 1300’s Loss of life was enormous- led to changes Now more food than needed, so food prices decreased Allowed people more money to buy other things Also allowed areas to begin to specialize in making things, which led to increased trade of not only goods, but also IDEAS

The Renaissance Renaissance Thought Admiration for individual achievement Lead a meaningful life Supporting the arts Education important, critical approach Belief in human dignity

Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince –How the government worked –Advice for rulers

Michelangelo Painter and poet

Leonardo da Vinci Architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist

Printing Already invented in China Finally, in 1450 Johannes Gutenburg uses moving type to print books If printing was never developed, how would life be different?

Shakespeare Portrayed the reality of human personality and emotion

Reformation- Renaissance also led to changes in the Church (reform) Many believed the Roman Catholic church had lost sight of its spiritual mission –Seemed more interested in income than saving souls

Reformation Martin Luther –Read about him on page 450 Formed Protestant group –Had a large following –Believed people could interpret scripture for themselves –Published 95 theses (chapters) about reforming the church and nailed them to the church door in 1517

Martin Luther Why would Catholic church leaders not be fond of Luther? Many people read Luther’s theses and this led to the desire for change or reform (“Protestant Reformation”) Luther was excommunicated (kicked out of the church) in 1520 Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, handed down the Edict of Worms This declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings

Reformation John Calvin (1536) –Shared many of Luther’s beliefs –Believed in Predestination People were predestined for salvation

Reformation Catholic Counter- Reformation –To stop the spread of Protestantism –Returned emphasis to spiritual matters –Made teachings more clear –Ended abuses (indulgences to buy sins)

Counter Reformation Pope Paul III recognized the need to redefine the doctrines of the Catholic church (result of the Reformation) He held a council in Council of Trent Council of Trent- addressed the abuses that had weakened the church and also rejected the Protestants

Counter Reformation The response to the Reformation (the Counter Reformation) also led to other things Popes established the Roman Inquisition- meant to counter the Reformation They charged people accused of teaching against the Church The harshest of these “inquisitions’ was the Spanish Inquisition

Spanish Inquisition Spanish Kings tried to establish religious uniformity Passed the “Index of Forbidden Books” which banned religious texts of Jews, Muslims, and Protestants

Results of the Reformations Different churches in Europe Renewed interest in education Increased power of national government Decreased power of popes

Age of Exploration

Why explore now? During the Renaissance a spirit of discovery and innovation had emerged in Europe People were beginning to question the norm more than ever (was the world flat?) Led many European powers to look for new lands or new routes to places already known

Portugal First country to launch large scale voyages Henry the Navigator: (Prince Henry) –Not an explorer –Brought in sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others to a court –Explore coasts of Africa Bartolomeu Dias: –First European to attempt to sail around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco Da Gama: –Sailed from Portugal to India and back successfully Pedro Cabral: –Discovered Brazil In India the Portugese set up a trading center and became one of the richest most powerful countries in the world

Spanish Christopher Columbus: –“1492 sailed the ocean blue”: Enough Said Amerigo Vespucci: –Sailed along coast of S. America –Explained how Columbus was wrong and the land was not Asia but a new land –Mapmakers named the Americas after him Vasco Nunez de Balboa: –First known European to see Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan: –Decided to sail west around world –5 ships and 250 men –Killed in the Philippines but men sailed on –18 survivors made it back to Spain and became first to circumnavigate the world

English John Cabot: –Sailed to present day Canada Thought it was Asia as well Sir Francis Drake –English queen sent him to explore west coast of S. America –Stopped in California –Sailed north but too cold so went west –2nd man to circumnavigate the world Henry Hudson: –Goal: find shorter route to Asia –Sailed north but found nothing

French Jacques Cartier: –Sailed into St. Lawrence River –Claimed land for France (Canada)

Dutch (Netherlands): - Henry Hudson (same as English) Sailed to N. America twice Found Hudson Bay and river

Main Idea The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there. Conquest and Colonies

Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba Columbus hoped to find gold, did not Spanish introduced encomienda system there Spain in Caribbean Colonist given land and Native Americans to work the land Required to teach native workers about Christianity Encomienda Disastrous system for Native Americans Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population Europeans spread new diseases Millions Died Spain Builds an Empire

Conquistador Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans Other Advantages In addition to Native American allies, Cortés had metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horses—animals never seen before in Americas Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people Cortes Marches on Capital Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs The Conquest of Mexico

Aztec Empire November 8, 1519, Cortés, army entered Tenochtitlán, Aztec capital Cortés, Moctezuma greeted each other respectfully Spanish soon took emperor prisoner –Battle erupted –Moctezuma killed Months of heavy fighting followed –Cortés eventually took city –Defeated entire Aztec empire

1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, hand over empire to Spain Atahualpa refused Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, took over empire New Ruler 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru Had heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor Civil war had also broken out Francisco Pizarro The Conquest of Peru

Beginnings of Slavery Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population Some appalled at treatment One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas Life in the Spanish Empire With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern American holdings Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms

Summarize How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas? Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires; appointed viceroys to govern

Portuguese built an empire in the Americas Because of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean –Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain –Everything to east would be Portuguese –Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony Treaty Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult Portuguese in no hurry to settle 1530s, colonists slowly moved in, mostly along Atlantic coast –Established huge farming estates, as in Spanish lands –First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms Colonization The Portuguese in Brazil

Explain Why did few colonists originally move to Brazil? Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and mining difficult.

Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs. Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures. Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe; other European countries paid close attention. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. French explorers established colonies in New France, or Canada Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods New France French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish, staple of European diet Forests yielded valuable furs French did not send large numbers of colonists; small groups of traders Did not enslave Native Americans Trade and Colonization

1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for France Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis XIV Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico A few French explorers headed south to seek more lands to claim 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec French also explored Mississippi River Thought it flowed to Pacific, would provide route to Asia South from New France Further Explorations

1607, first English colony established at Jamestown Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific Instead found marshy ground, impure water 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America Colony still endured 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts Persevered despite difficulties Colony self-sufficient within 5 years Pilgrims English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch Jamestown, Plymouth colonies received aid from local peoples Still, colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger Native Americans The English Colonies

Problems English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754 Costly War Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution French and Indian War Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English British turned tide, took city of Quebec British-French Conflict

Sequence What series of events led to the French and Indian War? Answer(s): English attempted to settle in Ohio River valley; tension grew between English and French; Native Americans allied with each side

New Patterns of Trade

The Columbian Exchange Contact between Native Americans and Europeans led to widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease Effects: changed society for Europe, America, Africa, and Asia New Diseases: Small pox, measles, influenza, etc.. –killed millions of native Americans –violence and warfare also influenced death rates

Mercantilism An economic policy stating that a nations strength depended on its wealth –Fixed amount in world, one nation becomes wealthier another loses wealth Balance of Trade: Receive more gold and silver from others than you pay out creates favorable balance of trade. How? –Reduce imports, charge tariffs on imports, Export of manufactured goods (more valuable than raw goods), control overseas resources and become self sufficient Colonies: Essential to mercantile system (see above) restrict economic activities in colonies Impact on Society: Towns and cities grew, development of a wealthier merchant class

The Rise of Capitalism Capitalism: –system in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit Joint-stock companies: –people pooled money to invest in larger business. –Bought shares of stock in a company. If company gets profit, shareholder gets a portion. (British East India Company)