A New Nation Expansion and Change -Create Court system- Judiciary act of federal courts, district courts, appeals -George Washington- Organize Executive branch- Department of State, Dept of War, Dept of Treasury- cabinet-advisors of pres. - Hamilton (strong gov, federalist) vs. Jefferson (weak gov, democrat-Republicans)- loose vs. strict interpretation of Constitution- 1st political parties - Whiskey Rebellion- challenge power of govt, govt held strong - Pres avoids foreign conflict- Britain, France- French insult us XYZ affair, treat us as 2nd rank govt.

2nd pres- John Adams People continue to Move west, fight natives Jeffersonian Era (3rd pres)- –Republicanism- smaller govt. 1803Marbury vs. Madison- Judicial Review- determine if laws are unconstitutional 1803Louisiana Purchase- - Louisiana given to France 1800 by Spain, Napoleon sells to us to make British mad, pay for his war, 15 million $ Lewis and Clark- explore 1806new territory, St. Louis- Pacific Coast

War of –Reason- Impressment- take US ships, men- force into Royal Navy- British supplying Natives with weapons, want to prove themselves, want Canada –Battles- Canada, Lake Erie, New Orleans, Washington DC- no winner decide not to fight –Outcomes- no more federalist, growth in Industry, confirms US as Independent nation Foreign Policy ’s- US foreign policy- establish northern border, reduce tensions with Canada (Britain) in Great Lakes, share Oregon, gains Florida from Spanish. Monroe (pres) Doctrine European powers not interfere in Americas, US won’t interfere in Europe

Industrialization- growth of water, steam powered machines, factories (early 1800s) –New England- depends of Shipping and trade –Northwest farmers- sell crops to cities, buy manufactured goods Agriculture- South –Invention of Cotton Gin, sort out seeds, makes cotton profitable –More slaves needed to grow more cotton- Slavery spreads west in the South- North begins to outlaw slavery American System- unite economies-country self sufficient- goods to south and west- food and raw materials to north (after War of 1812) –Protective tariff- make US products cheaper than Europe’s –National bank- common currency –Improve transportation- roads, canals

Tensions in North and South Missouri Compromise conflict over admitting new states- slave vs. free- balance in Senate- agree to add one slave and one free- line drawn- below slave, above free Protective tariffs hurt South cotton exports- Nullification crisis- try to nullify tax (state declare law null in void, no good) threaten to leave union- states can’t nullify a law- agree to reduce tax Government changes Adams vs. Jackson- Jacksonian Democracy- common person source of American strength (1820s) –Split of Democrats and Republicans –Less voting restrictions –Spoils system- pres. appointees serve 4 years, replaced by new pres National Bank ended- reduce govt interference in economy, hurts economy, bank panic/closure

Manifest Destiny Native American Removal Indian Removal Act- $ to negotiate treaties- Cherokee won in Supreme Court but ruling was ignored- Indians pushed west Expansion fever- 1840’s Economics- search for land- economic problems in east Native Troubles- agree to give natives plains in exchange for not attacking settlers moving through- whites move into plains anyway Santa Fe trial- Missouri-New Mexico and back- traders exchange goods Oregon trail- first by Missionaries, followed by settlers, took months, many hardships Mormon migration- to avoid persecution move to Utah

Texas Independence 1820’s-30sfew Mexican settlers, trade more w/ US, cheap land bought by Americans –1830- problems grow, Mexico tries to stop US settlers more come, high taxes on trade- Austin imprisoned when visiting Mexico –1836- Santa Anna- troops to Texas, fight at the Alamo, US settlers defeated –1836- Texans defeat Santa Anna, declare independence, - Sam Houston elected president –1845- Texas joins US- slave vs. free states tension continues

War with Mexico –Texas- Mexico border dispute- US tries to buy territory $25 million, Mexico ignores US, troops sent to Rio Grande Border Americans killed, Congress declares war even though many against it –New Mexico willing to join US- no shots fired –California- rebels declare Independence, join US, Mexican forces retreat –US marches into Mexico and Mexico city, total defeat 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- border established at Rio Grande, lost New Mexico, Arizona, California- US paid Mexico 15 million-10 million more 5 years later to move border south 1849California Gold Rush- Gold at Sutter’s mill, Sacramento, Ca- people rush to mine gold from US, Asia, Europe, SA- California population, economy booms

Expansion

Reform s2nd Great Awakening- religious revivals- many join churches –some challenge church –African American churches also grew Abolitionists grow –1835- American Anti-slavery Society –Frederick Douglas- educated, escaped slave, abolition without violence –Turner’s Rebellion- slaves fight back

Women’s movement- –Participate in abolition movement, temperance –Open institutions of higher learning –Elizabeth Cady Stanton- –1848- Seneca Falls women’s convention- beginning of women’s fight for suffrage (right to vote) –Sojourner Truth- (African- America