Chapter Eleven: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South

Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Slavery and Cotton in the South, 1820 and 1860

The Cotton Economy © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 The Rise of King Cotton Declining Tobacco Economy Short-Staple Cotton Rapid Expansion of Slavery Cotton Gin in Use (Library of Congress)

Southern White Society © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 The Planter Class Planter Aristocracy’s Dominance The Aristocratic Idea The “Southern Lady” Female Sub ordinance Reinforced Special Burdens The Plain Folk Inadequate Educational Opportunities “Hill People”

The Romantic Impulse © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Literature in the Antebellum South Edgar Allan Poe William Gilmore Simms The Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Thoreau’s Walden Henry David Thoreau (Library of Congress)

The Romantic Impulse © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Visions of Utopia Failure of Brook Farm New Harmony Plan for the New Harmony Colony (Library of Congress)

Joseph Smith and the Mormons All American religion, created in US Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois. Polygamy unpopular 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, , est. frontier cooperative theocracy Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896

JOSEPH SMITH “Affected by the great religious excitement taking place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year- old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches. In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.”

Brigham Young “When Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young was on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.”

Chapter Twelve: Antebellum Culture and Reform © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Education Horace Mann’s Reforms Uneven Public Education Horace Mann (Portrait Gallery)

Remaking Society © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 The Rise of Feminism “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” Feminism’s Secondary Status The Declaration of Sentiments (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior)

Garrison and Abolitionism © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 William Lloyd Garrison Garrison’s Revolutionary Philosophy

The Crusade Against Slavery © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (Portrait Gallery)

The Crusade Against Slavery © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Abolitionism Divided Radicals and Moderates The Amistad Case What happened? Harriet Beecher Stowe (Portrait Gallery)

Abolitionists form a network of people who helped escaped slaves to journey to Canada or northern states for freedom. The people who worked on this network, called the Underground Railroad, were called “conductors.” The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman, who led over 300 slaves to freedom in 19 trips, despite a $40,000 bounty on her head. Underground Railroad

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Published in 1852 Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe, daughter of Rev. Beecher, abolitionist Reaction to Fugitive Slave Act Immensely popular in North, shapes attitudes toward slavery Immense political impact in US and abroad

President Polk the Purposeful Narrowly defeats Clay in Is an Expansionist Democrat. POLK’S FOUR GOALS: 1.Lower tariff 2.Restore an independent treasury 3.Settle dispute over Oregon (54, 40 or fight!) 4.Acquire California

Expansion in Texas Why did Americans move into Texas? Why did the Mexicans want them moving in? Why did the Mexicans have such a difficult time controlling their land? Stephen Austin by Brand Shown here with his trusty dog and gun, Stephen F. Austin leans against a tree and considers the vast domain granted to him by the Spanish government. Austin was one of the leading landowners in Texas, as well as a leader of the Texas Revolution. (Archives Division, Texas State Library)

FACTORS LEADING TO WAR: 1.Mexico bans slavery, moves to restrict it in TX : Mexico bans new immigrants from US, high taxes on US goods, moves in troops to TX : Austin wins repeal of the Immigration ban (G.T.T.) 4.Santa Anna increasingly dictatorial. 5.Texas Revolution begins in 1835

Map: Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, Sam Houston's victory at San Jacinto was the decisive action of the war and avenged the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Q: Why would the North not want Texas in the union? A: For many reasons… 1.Slavery was allowed in Texas 2.Making TX a state would upset the Missouri Compromise  more Sectionalism 3.Mexico might be moved to war Even though Texas has been annexed, its boundary is still in dispute!

War with Mexico! o Border issue with Mexico – Nueces or Rio Grande? President Polk tries to buy California from Mexico. His envoy, John Slidell, is refused. Polk orders Gen. Zachary Taylor and 4,000 men to the Rio Grande April 25, 1846 Mexican troops kill 11 Americans o “They have spilled American blood on American soil!!!” US declares war Slavery again becomes a huge issue ( Wilmot Proviso )

Map: The Mexican War Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Peace Now or More War? Debate of 1847 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gained land, paid $15 million Gadsden Purchase $10 million

Election of 1848 War Hero Zachary Taylor becomes the 12 th President

California Gold Rush!!! January 1848 gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California. Americans everywhere drop everything, literally, and rush to California, called the gold rush. Migration to CA jumps from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in New migrants call themselves “ forty-niners.” California applies for statehood as a free state. S.F. 1847, 1850

Promontory Point: Golden Spike!! Union Pacific (East to West) construction begins during Civil War Central Pacific (West to East) begins after Golden Spike driven in Ogden, Utah 1869 Promontory Point 29 Effect: Unites East and West; Opens trade with Asia

Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, Despite the laissez-faire ideology that argued against government interference in business, Congress heavily subsidized American railroads and gave them millions of acres of land. As illustrated in the box, belts of land were reserved on either side of a railroad's right of way. Until the railroad claimed the exact one-mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt remained closed to settlement. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Compromise of 1850 CONCESSIONS TO NORTH California admitted as free New Mexico to receive disputed land with Texas Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in D.C. CONCESSIONS TO SOUTH New Mexico and Utah Territories to be determined by popular sovereignty Texas paid $10 million as compensation for New Mexico Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

Energized Northern Abolitionists Persuaded moderate Northerners to become more supportive of abolition Alienated the South, who felt that North was not keeping its part of the bargain in the Compromise of 1850 Impact of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850