Post-colonial Crises and the End of the Cold War
Iranian Revolution, 1979 ► Many Muslims did not like the Shah (leader) of Iran because of his connections to the West and his new reforms, secular gov.’t ► Majority of Iranians were poor ► Fundamentalists viewed shah as a traitor to Islam Riots begin Shah with US Pres. Carter
Islamic Fundamentalism ► Movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic laws ► Islamists believe that Muslim countries have strayed from the path of true Islam by following Western models of political and economic development ► Violence
Ayatollah Khomeini ► In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini, a Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution to overthrow the Shah ► Parliamentary Republic ► Set up a theocracy: govt. run by religious leaders with strict control
American Hostage Crisis ► During the Revolution, Radical Muslim Students seized the U.S Embassy and held 66 Americans hostage for 444 days. ► The hostage crisis severely damaged the US/Iran relationship Hostages
Iran-Iraq War ( ) ► Iraq (Saddam Hussein-dictator) attacked Iran because of fear that the revolutionary government of Iran would incite Iraq’s Shi’ites to rebellion ► Hoped to take advantage of revolutionary chaos ► 500,000 dead on both sides. ► Iraq used chemical weapons ► Iran and Iraq agreed to a cease-fire
Afghanistan Conflict ► Soviets sent in army to install a communist regime ► Nine year conflict between Soviets and Afghan Soldiers ► US support Afghanistan with weapons and money
“It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice” -Deng Xiaoping
Deng and Modernizing China’s Economy Concept: Change China from a Command Economy to a Market Economy ► Command: Communism Government decides ► Market: Capitalism Consumers and producers decide
Effects ►1►1►1►1. Agriculture ((((+) Economic Prosperity for farmers ((((-) Some collective farms remain ►2►2►2►2. Industry ((((+) Overall, output has grown BBBBtw 1979 and 2005 foreign direct investment grew ((((-) State Factories are inefficient ►3►3►3►3 and 4. Science and Technology ((((+) More foreign investment, trade, modernization ((((-) Student protests, world criticism, growing foreign influence
Glasnost and Perestroika ► Movement towards progress, reform, openness (glasnost) in USSR under Gorbachev 1980s ► Perestroika (restructuring) ► Reforms led to collapse of communist gov.’ts ► 1989 ended unpopular war in Afghanistan
1 Polish demonstrators march in support of the democratic Solidarity movement. 2 The struggle for democracy turns violent in Romania, where tanks operated by pro-democracy troops fire on government supporters. 3 Thousands of Czechoslovakians protest against the nation’s Communist regime.
Revolutions of 1989 ► Poland May 1988 (Solidarity Movement Part II) ► Hungary May 1988 through Summer 1989 ► Czechoslovakia- Velvet Revolution ► Romania-violent ► Yugoslavia- TRAGIC
Fall of Berlin Wall ► Fall Nov. 9 th 1989 ► Paved way for Reunification of Germany 1990
USSR ► 15 separate republics-All want independence ► Boris Yeltsin -Republic of Russia ► Gorbachev’s power-largely gone ► Russian Republic pretty much took place of USSR
Fall of USSR: December ► Ethnic unrest-Nationalism! ► Need for new governments
Yugoslavia ► Nationalism and Diversity ► Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence in 1992 ► Christian Bosnian Serbs used ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims (40%) ► Atrocities and destruction ► U.S. intervened and brokered a settlement ‘95 ► 1999 ► Serbian province of Kosovo-Serbs and ethnic Albanians fought over control ► NATO forced withdrawal of Serbia from Kosovo
The Persian Gulf War ► In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into an Iraqi oil field and stealing oil ► Iraq attacked Kuwait ► U.S.-led coalition launched the Persian Gulf War- attacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwait ► In weeks, Kuwait was freed. ► After the war the UN continued its economic sanctions insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and biological weapons Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons. ► But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors…paves way for 2003 Invasion
New Challenges
Terrorism and Islam ► Terrorism: Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end Quran does not allow the killing of innocents or suicide ► Terrorists believe they are jihadists: die in defense of religion, become martyrs ► Jihad: “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God”
9/11 ► Terrorists hijacked four passenger airplanes and crashed them into the WTC and the Pentagon ► The fourth crashed in rural PA ► Nearly 3,000 died ► Why? American influence in Middle East
Al Qaeda The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack against the United States Navy destroyer USS Cole on October 12, 2000 Osama Bin Laden Taliban in Afghanistan
War on Terror ► U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban ► Taliban-group that was governing Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic law ► 2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of Afghanistan ► Osama Bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and CIA
The Iraq War-2003 ► U.S. leaders worried that Hussein might have deadly weapons that he could give to terrorists ► Another U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, quickly forcing Hussein out of power. ► American weapon inspectors failed to find stockpiles of biological or chemical weapons or evidence proving Hussein had a role in 9/11 ► Insurgency ensued
Statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled in Firdos Square after the US invasion of Iraq Saddam shortly after capture by American forces, and after being shaved to confirm his identity December 2003
Iraq Timeline ► 2004 political power was transferred to the Iraqis ► 2005 Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty election in 50 years and later approved a new constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic federal democracy ► ► November 5 th, 2006-Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. (Dec. 30, 2006) ► ► All US Forces were mandated to withdraw from Iraqi territory by December 31, 2011 under the agreement signed in 2008 by President Bush- completed on December 18, 2011