The Contemporary Western World Since 1973 Chapter 29 The Contemporary Western World Since 1973

Timeline

Hungarian-Austrian Border, August 1989 Berlin Wall November 12 1989 Hungarian-Austrian Border, August 1989

Map 29.1: The New Europe

The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union The Brezhnev Years The Brezhnev Doctrine: Détente -- USSR on par w/ U.S. in nukes External security Some relaxation of authoritarian rule Economic emphasis on heavy industry Industrial decline Central planning = complex bureaucracy No incentives, apathy, absenteeism, drunkenness Consumer goods shortages Patronage system -- Party members privileged By the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was in poor shape Some reformers: Yuri Andropov (1914-1985) KGB head Brezhnev dies Nov 1982 Sucessor: an ailing Yuri Andropov: supports Mikhail Gorbachev Andropov dies Feb 1984 Sucessor: an ailing Konstantin Chernenko (1911-1985) Chernenko dies March 1985 Sucessor: a young, healthy, reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev

Chernenko Funeral March 1985 Remaining Section of Berlin Wall Brezhnev w/ E. Ger. Leader Erich Honecker, 1979 Konstantin Chernenko Leonid Brezhnev Mikhail Gorbachev Oct. 1985 Andropov Funeral Feb 1984 Andropov (left) Brezhnev Funeral Nov 1982

The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union The Gorbachev Era – Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) Problems of rigid and centralized planning Perestroika (restructuring) – Economic Reform ↓ Central Planning Market Economy w/ limited free enterprise Glasnost (openness) – free speech/press Political reforms Call for a new Soviet parliament, 1988 Congress of People’s Deputies elected 1989 1988-1990 nationalist movements erupt – USSR = empire inherited from the Tsar & expanded 92 nationalities; 112 languages Nationalism/ethnic concerns: Georgia, Baltics, Moldavia, etc. Lithuania declares independence, 1990

The End of the Soviet Union Gorbachev arrested, August 19, 1991; coup fails Ukraine votes for independence, December 1991, others follow December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigns and turns power over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia Yeltsin introduces a free market economy Yeltsin wins the presidency of Russia in 1996 but resigns in 1999 Free markets, but… Oligarchy, Mafia, Unemployment, Debased Pensions, etc… Brutal war against Chechnya Vladimir Putin (b.1952) replaced Yeltsin when he resigned Vows to return breakaway state of Chechnya In 2001 launches reforms including unrestricted sale and purchase of land Reform did not resolve Russia’s economic problems Currently: economy booming (for some) due to price of Oil, Natural Gas

Vladimir Putin 2000

Chechnya

Chechenya: War and destruction of Grosny 2nd Invasion: Grosny February 2000 Grosny, Capital of Chechnya, April 1995

Eastern Europe: The Collapse of the Communist Order in Poland Edward Gierek becomes Poland’s leader in 1971 Economic problems -- Western Loans 1980: protests erupt in response to increased food prices Solidarity -- Independent Labor union 10m of 35m Poles represented Lech Walesa (b. 1943) Dec 1981: Walesa + arrested, Solidarity baned, Martial Law Importance of Pope John Paul II (Karol Józef Wojtyła) Free parliamentary elections, 1988: 1st in 40 yrs! December, 1990; Walesa elected President Free Market reforms  unemployment, discontent November, 1995; Alexander Kwasniewski elected President: former communist, but same reforms

Solidarity Supporters greeting Pope JP2 1987 Gdansk Naval Shipyards, 1980 Lech Walesa In new union offices, Lenin Shipyard Gdansk Walesa, Gdansk 1980

The Collapse of the Communist Order: Hungary & Czechoslovakia János Kádár in power for more than 30 years Goulash Communism: economic properity/consumer goods in exchange for domestic tranquility Funded by Western loans --  econ. late 80s Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises: too little, too late 1989: E. Ger. asylees allowed into Austria!!!! The Democratic Forum won the elections of 1990 Were committed to a democratic government and free market economy Econ. growth, but uneven prosperity + deficits

Hungary & Lake Balaton

The Collapse of the Communist Order: Hungary & Czechoslovakia Post-68 Repression 1988-89 Demonstrations Civic Forum opposition group Communist government collapsed in 1989 -- “Velvet Revolution” Vaclav Havel was in control of the government Ethnic problems will lead to a peaceful division -- Slovakia splits from Czech Republic Czech Republic prosperous, stable Slovakia NOT!

Prague 28 October 1989: 70th Anniversary Czechoslovakia Prague 23 Nov 1989 25 November 1989

Collapse of the Communist Order Romania – Only Violent Revolution Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu established dictatorial regime Suppression of Hungarian minority Forced Urbanization Securitate = brutal Secret Police Efforts to  debt through exports =  living standards Crushed demonstrations in Timişoara that led to other demonstrations (started by a Hungarian preacher!) Army will not support Ceauşescu -- Securitate resists Ceausescu & co attempt to flee Ceauşescu and his wife were arrested, tried and executed 25 December 1989 – 1,200 Dead Political instability, corruption, economic difficulties

Timisoara 22 December 1989 Nikolae Ceauşescu 1989 Bucharest 23 December Bucarest 24 December

Collapse of the Communist Order Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov (leader of Bulgarian Communist Party, 1954 – 1989) Protests result in Zhivkov’s ouster 1991: election of new government led by the United Democratic Front Slow movement to market econ. The Reunification of Germany Unrest due to economic problems Hungarian border opens Aug 89 – Berlin Wall opens Nov 9 – crowds dismantle it Communist government falls, November 1989 Berlin Wall comes down Politically unified, October 3, 1990

Gorbachev, Honecker in East Berlin, 17 Oct 1989 Hungarian-Austrian Border Fence, June 1989 June 87: “Mr. Gorbachev, bring down this wall!”

What to do with the Past? Lenin’s Tomb, 2005 Budapest Statue Park Sofyia, Bulgaria, Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum Dimitrov Mausoleum August 1999 Lenin’s Mausoleum, May Day 1924

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia Death of Tito in 1980 League of Communists In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structure Slobodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities Slovenia and Croatia declare independence Yugoslavian army sent to attack Croatia Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army 1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-Herzegovina after March Referendum & April Independence Siege of Sarajevo April 92-Feb 96 -- 12,000 dead (85% civilians) Ethnic cleansing & Concentration Camps-- Massacre at Srebrenica (8,000 dead) NATO strikes back -- Dayton Accords Nov. 1995

Yugoslav Tank, Slovenia June 1991 Croatian Militia Aug 1992 Croatian Militia Oct 91 Sarajevo Parliament Building, Aug 1992 Yugoslav Tank, Slovenia June 1991 Croatian Militia Aug 1992 Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 Yugoslav Tanks Approach Slovenia 1991 Slovenian Militia 1991 Vukovar, Croatia nov 1991

Former Yugo-slavia

War in Kosovo War erupted in 1999 Ethnic Albanians Stripped of autonomous status in 1989 Kosovo Liberation Army US and NATO intervene Milosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikes Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000 Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity – died during trial February 2008 = Independence?

Germany Restored Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974 Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east” Treaty with East Germany, 1972 Helmut Schmide (b. 1918) Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) Problems of union

Great Britain: Thatcher and Thatcherism Problems of Northern Ireland Direct rule from London, 1972 Conservatives gain political power, 1979 Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925) Broke power of the labor unions Austerity to control inflation Hard line toward communism Rebuilds the military Anti-tax riots force Thatcher to resign, November 1990 Tony Blair (b. 1953), Labour Party, 1957

Uncertainties in France François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995 Economic difficulties Socialistic policies Economic weaknesses of the 1990s Move to conservatism, Jacques Chirac elected 1995

Confusion in Italy Coalition Politics Eurocommunism Economic recession in the 1970s, economic growth in the 1980s Political Corruption Silvio Berlusconi

The Unification of Europe 1973: European Economic Community (EEC) becomes European Community (EC) when Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark join 2000: EC contains 370 million people 1994: EC renames itself European Union (EU) and focuses on political unification 2002: Introduction of common currency (euro €) Problems Toward a United Europe: May 2004: Czech Republic (YAY!), Estonia, Hungary (YAY!), Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Cyprus join EU

Map 29.3: European Union, 2004

The United States: The American Domestic Scene 1968 - 1981 Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968 Ends Vietnam war, 1973 Watergate scandal Resignation, August 9, 1974 Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980 Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment Oil embargo, 1973 53 hostages held by Iran

The United States: The American Domestic Scene 1982 - Present Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989 Reverses the welfare state Military buildup Supply-side economics George H. Bush (b. 1924), 1989-1993 Economic downturn Bill Clinton elected 1992 Misconduct George W. Bush Terrorism Economic policies

Presidents Bush, Reagan, Carter, Ford, Nixon in Historic Photo

Contemporary Canada Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968 Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984 Quebec René Lévesque Parti Québécois

The End of the Cold War During the late 1980s, US and Soviet Union move to slow down arms race 1989-1990: Political upheaval in Eastern Europe upset postwar status quo The Gulf War September 11, 2001: al-Qaeda attacked United States March 2003 – : Iraq War

An Age of Terrorism? Terrorist methods Munich Olympic Games, 1972 Left and right wing terrorist groups Militant nationalism Terrorist Attack on the United States September 11, 2001 Al-Qaida Osama bin Laden Afghanistan

The West and Islam The Israeli-Palestinian conflict fueled anti-American sentiment in the Muslim world Rise of Islamic governments in Iran and elsewhere Impact of the Persian Gulf War Impact of the Iraq War

Briefing on Iraq, with Bush Sr.

New Directions and New Problems in Western Society Transformation in Women’s Lives Decline in the birthrate Rise in the work force The Women’s Movement Abortion Women’s studies Anti-nuclear movement/Ecology International women’s conferences

Guest Workers and Immigrants Europe experienced a severe labor shortage in the 1950s and 1960s Guest Workers Backlash against foreign workers 1980s: Influx of refugees Impact of immigrants on social services New limits on immigration

The Environment and the Green Movements Problems in the environment Chernobyl, 1986 Green Parties

Western Culture Today Postmodern Thought Art Literature Music Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913) Jacques Derrida (1930 – 2004) Art Rejection of object-based artworks Postmodernism Photorealism Literature Gabriel Garcia Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being Music Serialism Minimalism

Religion & Technology Varieties of Religious Life Fundamentalism The growth of Islam Pope John Paul II, 1978- The World of Science and Technology Military-Industrial Complex German rockets; jets British work in computers J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb Computers Dangers of science and technology New conceptions of the Universe

Popular Culture: Image and Globalization Music Punk Music videos Rap Film: Fantasy and Epics The Growth of Mass Sports Globalization of Popular Culture

Toward a Global Civilization? Problems are global not just national Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Interdependency

Discussion Questions How might we see Brezhnev as a transition between the old Soviet regime and the changes brought by Gorbachev? What steps did Czechoslovakia take to gain freedom from communism and then a peaceful split of the country? Why did the end of the Cold War prove so painful for Yugoslavia? How does the “war on terrorism” differ from previous international struggles?

Web Links Gorbachev The United Nations Nationmaster: Europe Europa: Gateway to the European Union Frontline: Truth, War, and Consequences