Political Science and International Relations Causes, development and solutions of selected armed conflicts

to introduce selected armed conflicts which are characteristic for the last decade characterize their origins, development and attempts to solve these conflicts The aim of the presentation

Content of the presentation Iraq conflict Historical determinants Development from 2003 to 2011 Afghanistan conflict Historical determinants Development from 2003 to 2014

In 1920 Iraq became a League of nations mandate under British control with the name State of Iraq and the British authorities established the Hashemite dynasty and selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government and ministry offices In 1932 declaration of independence (formal), Britain granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq and retained military bases and transit rights for their forces In 1941coup d´état and fall of the government which caused Anglo-Iraqi war, the British army invaded Iraq, British military occupation followed the restoration of the pre-coup government of the Hashemite monarchy (occupation ended in 1947) In 1958 a 14 july Revolution led to the end of the monarchy In victory of 1968 Ba´ath Party. Iraq – historical determinants

In 1979 President Saddam Hussein In 1980 Iraq invaded Iran after the success of the Iranian revolution The Iran–Iraq War, (the First Persian Gulf War) In August 1990 Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait and this led to intervention by US-led forces in the Second Gulf War after Iraq defeat in 1991, Shia Muslim and Kurdish Iraqis led uprising against the regime, but these were repressed by loyal Saddam Hussein forces. The US, UK, France and Turkey claiming authority under UN resolution, established the no-fly zones to protect Kurdish and Shiite populations from air attacks. Iraq – historical determinants

In October 1998, U.S. President Clinton signed the Iraq liberation act calling for regime change in Iraq, and initiated Operation Desert Fox In October 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Resolution to autorize the use of US armed forces against Iraq Iraq is by USA and UK accused of unlawful possession of WMD and their development in violation of UN Resolution Iraq – historical determinants

On March 2003, a US-organized coalition invaded Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom Following the invasion, the US established the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to govern Iraq CPA orders to exclude Ba´ath Party members from the new Iraqi government and to disband the Iraqi Army (this decision affected especially Sunnis Muslims) Beginnings of insurgency against American occupation (initially based on former ruling party and military persons) Beginnings of violence between Sunnis and Shias Muslims Iraq conflict

Iraqi Freedom

Shia militia (Mahdi army) created in the summer of 2003 by Moqtqda Sadr reached some 60,000 members by December 2006 Participation of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, terrorists targeted coalition forces and community of Shia Muslims By 2007, the violence between Shias and Sunnis had increased to civil war New US COIN strategy (gen. Petraeus) Iraq conflict

In 2008 Blackwater private security controversy In 2008 Civil war continues (Spring offensives on Shia militias) Coalition and Iraqi government stepped up their efforts to build national defence and security forces In 2009 Coalition forces redeployment In 2010 U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn: Barrack Obama: „Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.“ Iraq conflict

In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between British and the Russian Empire. In 1893 The Durand Line was established. Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balouchistan region. After the Third Anglo-afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state. In 20´ many reforms intended to modernize Afghan nation.(including the abolition of the traditional burga for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools) Afghanistan – historical determinants

Modernization vs. many tribal and religious leaders in 1929 king Amanullah Khan was forced by armed opposition to abdicate rule of Zahir Shah, (reigned from 1933 to 1973), epoch of stability in Afghanistan In 1973, prime minister Daoud Khan coup d´etat and became the first President of Afganistan. In 1978 Saur Revolution, the communist party seized power in Afghanistan In 1978 uprising in eastern Afghanistan that expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla majahideen against government forces. Afghanistan – historical determinants

In 1979 Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under new government of Babrak Karmal Soviets were directly involved in war in Afghanistan Civil war in Afghanistan after the Soviet Union withdrew from region In 1992 the fall of Najibullah's marxist government second phase of Civil war in Afghanistan 1994 the origins of Taliban 1996 Taliban seized Kabul and established the islamic Emirate of Afghanistan third phase of Civil war in Afghanistan Afghanistan – historical determinants

Afghanistan

On 9 September 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud was assassinated by two Al Qaeda members After 11/ USA identified Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan as the perpetrators of the attacks The Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden to USA a and to disband al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan – historical determinants

On 9 September 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud was assassinated by two Al Qaeda members After 11/ USA identified Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan as the perpetrators of the attacks The Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden to USA a and to disband al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom 2002 Operation Anaconda Operation Enduring Freedom

Rise of Insurgency Operation Enduring Freedom

2008 – application of new strategies COIN after 2008 – more scope for authority for reconstruction teams and management of Afghani administration After 2010 – accent on Afghanization of the conflict, which is passing on more responsibility for the security and stability of the region to the local powers 2013/ withdrawal of the allied forces from the region, transferring of responsibility to local level Operation Enduring Freedom