CHAPTER 20: BEHAVIOR, SELECTION, & SURVIVAL

Anthropomorphism – when humans reflect their emotions on to animals Behavior  the way an organism acts What makes us human?

Why do humans behave the way we do? *Do genes affect our behavior? *Does our environment affect our behavior?

The Famous Stanley Milgram Experiment

2 Types of Behavior What causes a behavior response? - there is usually some type of a sign stimulus involved - ie. during breeding or competition

1. Innate behaviors - instincts - occurs in response to a specific stimulus - ie. kitten on a ledge

2.Learned - responses an individual develops as a direct result of specific environmental experiences - ie. toad and robber fly

6 Types of Learning 1. Habituation the loss of old responses individual learns to ignore a response ie. not hearing a sound

2. Conditioned Reflex (Conditioning) occurs when patterns of innate behaviors are changed a behavior is evoked by a previously neutral stimulus which has been associated with the stimulus that causes the reflex ie. Pavlov’s dogs

3. Imprinting a learned behavior with an innate component acquired during a limited period early in life

4. Trial and Error Learning a higher level of learning given 2 or more responses, individual is trained to prefer one when a reward is given over the other when a punishment is given individual learns to make the “correct” response ie. Alpo dogs

5. Latent Learning learning that occurs without a reward given ie. rats in a maze

6. Insight Learning a form of reasoning that draws from the past a high form of learning able to reason problems using past experiences

Insight Learning

One of the pictures is different than the others. Can you find it?

Word Search Find the word in the word list by looking across, down, diagonal, and CIRCLE THE WORD YOU FIND.

Can you guess the animal in this incomplete drawing? Write answer here _______ (Then see if you can complete the drawing)

Which is Bigger? Check correct box below with your answer A.B.

Connect the Dots 1. 2.

Get Through the Maze START FINISH

There is an Aardvark hiding in the back of this pickup truck. Can you find him? YES ____ NO ____

ZYP QLEXF SUWRG XCIDB WOPR ZYP QLEFK XCIBB SUWRG WOPR SUWRG ZYP XCIDB QLEFK

RED BLACK YELLOW BLUE RED BLACK YELLOW BLACK BLUE RED YELLOW GREEN BLUE RED

Communication Is communication innate, learned, or both? Ex. bee dance human speech - communication may be needed for: protection mating

Organisms communicate by: - sound - sight - smell - use pheromones for attraction of a mate or to leave a trail - nonverbal signs

Social Behavior  any interaction between 2 or more animals - mating behaviors

- aggressive behaviors and threat displays

- cooperative behaviors

- tests of strength - dominant and submissive behaviors

Animal Societies 1. Dominance Hierarchy - there is a linear relationship or a ranking system - shows a “pecking order” - ex. dogs - top dog underdog - ex. gorilla - alpha male (silverback)

2. Caste System - individuals are born or hatched into a specific group within the society - usually have specialized adaptations for their role -ex. ants termites

Benefits to living in a society 1. Defense from predators 2. reproduction - one bird call may stimulate other bird hormone levels 3. increased care for young Benefits to living alone 1. easy to camouflage 2. do not have to share food