Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data Interpretation, Further Analysis and Dissemination Workshop Literacy and Education

Overview of presentation  Literacy (2 tables)  School readiness (3 tables)  Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables)  Gender parity (2 tables) 2

Indicators and definitions Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data:  Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary)  Pre-primary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)  Lower Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)  Upper Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)  Cumulative Primary Dropout and Repetition Rates  Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22)  Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27) 3

4 Reaching last grade of primary Out of School Rate

Things to remember Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year ) The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began. If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started. If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year. 5

6 Rejuvenate children to the first month of the (current or most recent) Date of birth available Date of birth NOT available Use :  Date of birth, and  Information on when the current (or most recent) school year began Interview took place >= 6 months after the school year started Interview took place < 6 months after the school year started Subtracted a full year from the current age of the child at the time of survey ted Current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year)

7 Table ED.1: Literacy (young women) Percentage of women age years who are literate, Country, Year Percentage literate 1 Percentage not known Number of women age years 1 MICS indicator 7.1; MDG indicator Literacy rate among young women Used as a proxy for adult literacy Measures the ability to read a few sentences Interpretation should be done cautiously Present a gender component ED.1M - Men

Table ED.1: Literacy among young women Percentage of women age years who are literate, Bhutan, 2010 Percentage literate [1] Percentage not known Number of women age years AreaUrban Rural EducationNone Primary Secondary Age Wealth index quintiles Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total Country example 8

Overview of presentation  Literacy (2 tables)  School readiness (3 tables)  Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables)  Gender parity (2 tables) 9

10 Table ED.2: School readiness Percentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year, Country, Year Percentage of children attending first grade who attended preschool in previous year 1 Number of children attending first grade of primary school 1 MICS indicator School readiness Denominator: number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age. Numerator: children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year.

11 Table ED.3: Primary school entry Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 (net intake rate), Country, Year Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 1 Number of children of primary school entry age 1 MICS indicator Net intake rate in primary education Denominator: number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year. Numerator : children in the denominator who are attending grade 1 or 2 of primary school. Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters. Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).

Overview of presentation  Literacy (2 tables)  School readiness (3 tables)  Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables)  Gender parity (2 tables) 12

13 Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Numb er of childr en Not attending school or preschool Attending preschool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of schoo l 1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Numerator: Children of primary school age at the beginning of the school year currently attending primary or secondary school Denominator: All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year)

14 Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Numb er of childr en Not attending school or preschool Attending preschool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of schoo l 1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters. Ratios are termed "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.

15 Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Numb er of childr en Not attending school or preschool Attending preschool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of schoo l Age at beginning of school year MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED

16 Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Number of children Net attendan ce ratio (adjusted ) Percentage of children: Numb er of childr en Not attending school or preschool Attending preschool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of school Not attendi ng school or presch ool Attendi ng presch ool Out of schoo l 1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Not attending school of preschool: Those not attending school or preschool in the current school year. NEW! Out of school Attending preschool: Those who in the current school year have been attending preschool school Out of school: Those who are not attending primary or secondary school

Table ED.4: Primary school attendance Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (Net attendance ratio), Bhutan, 2010 MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) [1] Number of children Net attendance ratio (adjusted) [1] Number of children Net attendance ratio (adjusted) [1] Number of children AreaUrban Rural Age at beginning of school year Mother's educationNone Primary Secondary Mother not in household Wealth index quintiles Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total [1] MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator

Bangladesh MICS

19 Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Num ber of childr en Attendin g primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school 1 MICS indicator Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Numerator: Children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher Denominator: All children of secondary school age at the beginning of the school year

20 Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Num ber of childr en Attendin g primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school 1 MICS indicator Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Analysis for secondary school age children: Use the three indicators –  Percentage of children of secondary school age who are attending primary school  Adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio  Percentage of children of secondary school age out of school.

21 Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school children Percentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year MaleFemaleTotal Net attendance ratio (adjusted) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Numb er of childre n Net attend ance ratio (adjust ed) Percentage of children: Num ber of childr en Attendin g primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school Attendi ng primary school Out of school Mother's education None Primary Secondary Higher Cannot be determined 1 MICS indicator Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) Mother's/caretaker's education are collected for all children 0-14 at the time of interview. "Cannot be determined" includes children who were age 15 or higher at the time of the interview whose mothers were not living in the household - information on their primary caretakers is not collected - therefore the educational status of the mother or the caretaker cannot be determined.

22 Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary school Percentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school), Country, Year Percent attending grade 1 last school year who are in grade 2 this school year Percent attending grade 2 last school year who are attending grade 3 this school year Percent attending grade 3 last school year who are attending grade 4 this school year Percent attending grade 4 last school year who are attending grade 5 this school year Percent attending grade 5 last school year who are attending grade 6 this school year Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator Children reaching last grade of primary Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is defined as the percentage of children attending the first grade of primary school who would be expected to reach the last grade of primary school, if current rates of transition from one grade of primary school to the next were applicable.

Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2  The number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year is divided by:  The number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school 23

Children reaching last grade of primary school 24

Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary school Percentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school),Bhutan, 2010 Percent attending grade 0 last year who are in grade 1 this year Percent attending grade 1 last year who are in grade 2 this year Percent attending grade 2 last year who are attending grade 3 this year Percent attending grade 3 last year who are attending grade 4 this year Percent attending grade 4 last year who are attending grade 5 this year Percent attending grade 5 last year who are attending grade 6 this year Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade 0 [0] SexMale Female AreaUrban Rural Mother's education None Primary Secondary Mother not in household Wealth index quintiles Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest Total [1] MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator Careful customization of country specific grades

Methodological issues  RLG is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation  Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts  It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach last grade of primary and it is based on children that are participating in school  It is used as a proxy for literacy among children 26

27 Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary school Primary school completion rates and transition and effective transition rates to secondary school, Country, Year Primary school completion rate 1 Number of children of primary school complet ion age Transition rate to secondary school 2 Number of children who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year Effective transition rate to secondary school Number of children who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year and are not repeating that grade in the current school year 1 MICS indicator Primary completion rate 2 MICS indicator Transition rate to secondary school Primary completion rate = 100 * (number of children attending the last grade of primary school - repeaters) / (number of children of primary school completion age at the beginning of the school year). It can be greater than 100! Transition rate to secondary education = 100 * (number of children in the first grade of secondary school who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year) / (number of children in the last grade of primary school the previous year).

28 Country example

Overview of presentation  Literacy (2 tables)  School readiness (3 tables)  Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables)  Gender parity (2 tables) 29

30 Table ED.8: Education gender parity Ratio of adjusted net attendance ratios of girls to boys, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year Primary schoolSecondary school Primary school adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR), girls Primary school adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR), boys Gender parity index (GPI) for primary school adjusted NAR 1 Secondary school adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR), girls Secondary school adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR), boys Gender parity index (GPI) for secondary school adjusted NAR 2 1 MICS indicator 7.9; MDG indicator Gender parity index (primary school) 2 MICS indicator 7.10; MDG indicator Gender parity index (secondary school) Check! Numerators and denominators of all of the ratios in this table can be found in Tables ED.4 and ED.5. Gender parity index (GPI) : ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary)

31 Table ED.9: Out of school gender parity Percentage of girls in the total out of school population, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year Primary schoolSecondary school Percenta ge of out of school children Number of children of primary school age Percentage of girls in the total out of school population of primary school age Number of children of primary school age out of school Percenta ge of out of school children Number of children of seconda ry school age Percentage of girls in the total out of school population of secondary school age Number of children of secondary school age out of school Check! The percentage of out of school children can be found in tables ED.4 and ED.5 for primary and secondary school ages, respectively. These form the denominators of the calculation of the percentage of girls in the total out of school population of primary and secondary school ages. NEW!

Methodological issues  Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment  In reality we should aim to measure attendance  Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation  Results refer to net attendance instead of gross  Gross attendance in primary/secondary education includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages  Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100%  Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children attending primary or higher/secondary or higher 32

Expected patterns  Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families  Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time  Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school 33

Expected patterns  At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school  At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers 34

Things to look for in the tables Disparities in educational participation by:  Gender,  Geographical regions,  Wealth,  Language,  Religion,  Mother’s education,  Child labour status. 35

Things to look for in the tables  To better describe school participation we propose: Look at primary and secondary together Use the following 3 simple indicators: –Primary net attendance ratio –Secondary net attendance ratio –Percentage of secondary school age children that are attending primary school Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI) in a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated 36

Some ideas for further analyses  Interconnected disparities  Education Participation Projection  Average Annual Rate of Increase  Other non-standard MICS indicators  Out-of-school children analysis  Schooling pathways  Schooling profile by age 37

Some ideas for further analyses 38

Some ideas for further analyses 39