The Counter Reformation Can’t we all just get along? The Counter Reformation

Main idea Catholics at all levels recognized the need for church reform. The tide of Protestantism was turned back and Catholic zeal was renewed.

Key questions What reforms were made in the Catholic church? What were the religious and social effects of the Counter Reformation? What wars occurred as a result of the Counter-Reformation?

Key terms and people I love words! Counter-Reformation Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Charles Borromeo Francis of Sales Teresa of Avila

Counter reformation A series of reforms directed toward the Catholic Church by Catholics

Girolamo savonarola Preached fiery sermons during the 1400s He said the church should melt down their gold and silver ornaments to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the church.

The bonfire of the vanities People were actually convinced to burn their jewelry and trinkets. This practice was originally allowed by Pope Alexander

Savonarola and the fire Eventually the Pope had him excommunicated The Pope said that Savonarola’s ideas might be dangerous to the church. 1498 – Savonarola was executed

jesuits Renewed the church’s emphasis on spirituality and service Society of Jesus By 1700 they had 669 colleges in Europe. Influenced politics through their presence in India, Japan, and China

Ignatius of loyola Founder of the Jesuits Basque nobleman and soldier Emphasized obedience to the church Jesuits focus on education as a means of combating Protestant reform. Recognized by the pope Established missions, schools and universities

http://www.loyola.edu/about.aspx

The council of trent 1545-1563 Examined protestant criticisms and clarified Catholic teachings Regulated the training of priests Addressed financial abuse Indulgences abolished

Council of trent Rejected the Protestant’s emphasis on self-discipline and faith Believed the Catholic Church could help believers achieve salvation through mysterious and magnificent ceremonies. Austria, Poland and other parts of Europe returned to Catholicism Catholic interpretation of the vulgate was the only possible true interpretation

Reforming catholics Charles Borromeo – archbishop of Milan who oversaw the Council of Trent’s charge to build new schools for the education of priests Francis of Sales – regained regions that had been lost to Calvinism

Women and the church Women used to live in convents during the Middle Ages Now women were doing more to help the poor, orphaned and sick. Teresa of Avila was influential

Teresa of avila Formed her own order because she felt that the rules of the convent were too lax She created strict rules regarding fasting, prayer and sleep Reformed the Carmelite order She had visions of Christ and was deeply spiritual

The inquisition The Roman Inquisition was formed in 1542 to combat Protestantism Popes increased the power of the inquisition Tried people who were accused of being Protestant, of practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law

Catholic advisor scientists said that the sun was immobile and that the Earth moves around it. Galileo was suspected of heresy and died while under house arrest. What was the name of his theory again? Heliocentrism Copernicus’s book was placed on the List of Forbidden Books

The spanish inquisition 1478 – harsh Imposed religious uniformity especially on converted Jews, Muslims and eventually on Protestants

The wheel Heretics were strapped to a wheel while their bones were clubbed into shards.

TOCA Introduce a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.

garrucha suspend the victim from the ceiling by the wrists, which are tied behind the back. Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated. Savonarola = confession

potro The rack. Dilocated joints. Often forced other prisoners to watch. Used pincers to tear the nails from fingers and toes

Index of forbidden books Warning from the church People needed to stop reading books that were on the forbidden list or else they would lose their soul. Torture and execution occurred Seen as an abuse of the church’s power

Galileo facing the roman inquisition

Check for understanding What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?

Religious and social effects Changes in religion Persecution and hysteria Political effects

Changes in religion Jesuits added a softening effect to the Catholic Church’s image Martin Luther denounced the Anabaptists and Zwingli’s followers Religious freedom brought varied interpretations and turmoil

Persecution and hysteria Catholics and Protestants both viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or else they had to leave Spain Jews that did stay lived in walled ghettoes and gates were locked closed in the evenings.

witchcraft People feared witches Afraid that satanic witches were killing children and cattle Fears increased in times of poor harvest Penalty for practicing witchcraft is death Peak of paranoia was 1580-1660 Most executions were poor women

Nationalism was rising Political effects Nationalism was rising Merchants and rulers wanted the church to be less involved in state and business affairs Nations and churches still tried to align themselves with one another to increase their influence

Check for understanding How did religious turmoil affect society during the 1500s?

Religious wars and unrest 1494 – King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy This begins the Italian Wars England gets involved along with several popes Wars help to spread ideas of the Renaissance from Italy to Europe Artists fled to the north

Remember charles v? Holy Roman emperor He was originally a Spaniard who sacked Rome Culminating battle

Conflicts among germans Peasants were becoming unhappy with high taxes and a lack of power Reformation preachers were preaching freedom sermons 1524 thousands of peasants stormed castles and monasteries

Reformation causes Humanist values led people to question church authority Clergy were corrupt and poorly educated Luther’s 95 thesis Printing press

Peasants’ war Nobles suppressed uprising Luther was accused of being responsible Luther denounced the peasant effort proclaiming that they, “rob and rage and act like mad dogs.”

Charles v Determined to defeat Protestantism Waged war against Lutheran princes in Germany Peace of Augsburg was signed but Charles refused to attend the meeting

Peace of augsburg Prince could choose the religion that his subjects would practice Only choices were Catholicism or Lutheranism Subjects had no say in the matter

huguenots Protestant minority Fought Catholics for years until their leader, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism. Catholics accepted him as king Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants

If you were to compare the spread of Lutheranism to the spread of Calvinism, what generalizations could be made?

Did you say,… This map illustrates the geographical patterns of the Protestant Reformation. Lutheranism spread through German-speaking areas along the Baltic Sea but rarely crossed the Rhine River. The spread of Calvinism defies linguistic explanations. Great job!

Protestant sects developed Catholic Church was reformed Reformation effects Protestant sects developed Catholic Church was reformed Anti-Semitism increased Religious intolerance spread across Europe

Check for understanding What effects led to the Peasant’s War?

Don’t believe me. See for yourself. Please get a book and turn to page 64. Let the primary resources speak for themsleves.

Document 1 Interpret ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Infer ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Document 2 Describe ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Document 3 Identify ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compare ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Document 4 Analyze ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________ Date: ______________________

Document 1 Interpret: How does Pope Innocent III’s description of humanity view the individual? Infer: Why was secular learning discouraged before the Renaissance? Document 2 Describe: What subjects are the ambassadors interested in learning? Interpret: How might this painting be different from earlier paintings of important officials? Document 3 Identify: Why does humanity have a special place in the universe, according to Mirandola? Compare: How has the view of the relationship between God and humanity changed in Mirandola’s eyes? Document 4 Analyze: Why does Erasmus say humanists should study Christianity? Interpret: How does Erasmus equate spiritual and secular learning? Document Based Essay Question: The change in the view of humanity during the Renaissance was a subtle and gradual shift that would have a profound effect. What changes occurred in the view of the individual? Using the documents provided and information from class, note some changes. Then write an essay about how they may have affected the way people lived.