R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation Polka

Causes of the Reformation? Church corruption Avignon Papacy Conciliarism (Great Schism) Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] Attacked papal authority The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts! Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land Papal need for money  indulgences Printing Press

Causes of The Reformation Cont. Population Growth Urbanization Growth of National Monarchies (Spain, France, England) Fragmented German and Swiss City-States Modern Devotion Study of Northern Humanism

The Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

The Holy Roman Empire Political Disunity Electorate System Charles V, Habsburg Dominance Foreign Wars Principalities Quest for power Informal Resentment of the Papal States Economic incentive

Summary of Luther Product of the Modern Devotion Wants reform not Revolution 95 Theses 1517 Diet of Worms 1520 Protector: Frederick the Wise Married 1525: Partnership Renunciation of the Peasants Revolt 1525 Key Spiritual Beliefs Purity of Scripture Justification by Faith Alone Consubstantiation Spread North to Scandanavia

The Peasant Revolt - 1525

The Spread of Lutheranism

Calvin’s World in the 16c

Ulrich Zwingli Ulrich Zwingli Location Beliefs Impact Switzerland Infant Baptism/Symbolic Eucharist Literal interpretation of the Bible God is spiritually present in mass “Priesthood of all believers” Marburg Colloquy: Last chance for Reform Unity Zwingli assassinated: Civil war Principalities split New religion: Influences Calvinism

John Calvin John Calvin Location Beliefs Impact France/Geneva Pre-destination Symbolic Transubstantiation Increased women’s rights Model Society after Scripture Reformed Geneva: Strict Moral Code Safe Haven for Protestants Attractive new Religion- Calvinism Future Conflict with Lutherans

Following the history of the earliest church recounted in the New Testament book, The Acts of the Apostles , Calvin divided church organization into four levels: Pastors: These were five men who exercised authority over religious matters in Geneva; Teachers: This was a larger group whose job it was to teach doctrine to the population. Elders: The Elders were twelve men (after the twelve Apostles) who were chosen by the municipal council; their job was to oversee everything that everybody did in the city. Deacons: Modeled after the Seven in Acts 6-8, the deacons were appointed to care for the sick, the elderly, the widowed and the poor.

Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

The English Reformation Lutheran ideas smuggled into England, Influence Cramer and Cromwell Henry marries Catherine of Aragon: Papal Dispensation Lacks male heir, Henry becomes obsessed: Female Mary Wants to remarry Ann Boleyn

The Reformation Parliament Submission of the Clergy Act of Succession Act of Supremacy Henry is conservative: Upholds Catholic Doctrine (Six Articles) Legacy: Years of Conflict Edward VI, Protestant (Dies after 6 years) Mary, Catholic (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth, Tolerant Protestant

Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

Counter Reformation by the R.C.C. Initial Response Reforms Impact Ignore the Reformation and stay away from it Excommunicate, kill, burn people who didn’t believe in R.C.C. No spiritual reforms Clergy returned to diocese No longer sell benefices New church orders- Jesuits/ Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises R.C.C. loses some political power Some Protestants turn back to Catholics Italy, Spain, West Ireland Catholic Strongholds

Baroque Art: A Catholic Tool to Combat the Reformation

Lasting Consequences of the Age of Religious Reform?