Expansion and Exploration in the 16 th Century

I. Exploration A. Causes 1. Renaissance: new studies – mathematics / literature Fernadez de Oviedo’s – General History of the Indies (1547) 2. New Monarchs: strong centralized states finance exploration 3. New Technology 4. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 – new route to Asia B. Motivation 1. Material profit $$$ 2. Growing Population 3. Religious zeal – Jesuits 4. Commercial Trade

Overseas Exploration & Conquest: 15 th & 16 th Centuries

C. Portugal 1. Prince Henry the Navigator a. University – Portolans (coastal maps) b. Cueta & Timbuktu (Gold Coast) 2. Bartholomew Diaz – Cape of Good Hope 3. Vasco da Gama - India 4. Pedro Cabral - Brazil 5. Amerigo Vespucci – North America

D. Spain 1. Ferdinand & Isabella 2. Christopher Columbus - Hispaniola 3. Ferdinand Magellan - Circumnavigation

E. Technology 1. Compass 2. Astrolabe 3. Nocturnal 4. Caravel Ship a. Lateen Sail b. Cannon 5. Cartography (maps)

Mercator’s Map, ca. 1575

Waldseemuller’s World Map, 1507

F. Spanish Conquest 1. Hernando Cortès: Aztecs 2. Francisco Pizzaro: Incas*

3. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) a. Pope Leo VI – separated new world territories b/w Spain & Portugal to avoid war

4. Viceroyalties: administrative divisions in the New World a. Viceroy – presided over the audiencia : board of 12 judges b. Mercantilism – economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. 1) Quinto – 1/5 th of all precious metals

G. Spanish Colonies 1. Mestizos & Mulattos 2. Hacienda system * Spanish plantations 3. Ecomienda system * power to enslave natives H. Columbian Exchange 1. Biosocial a. Bio: exchange of plant, animal, disease b. Social: cultural & economic impact

Old WorldNew World PigsPotatoes horsesMaize (corn) CattleTomatoes GoatsTobacco Sugar CaneCacao Small PoxSyphilis ChristianityIndigo SlaveryCotton Gold / Silver

I. Results of Contact 1. Native Americans a. 90% dead by 1600 b. European cultural imports 2. For Europeans a. Revolution in Diet b. Rise of global empires c. Rise of capitalism (Commercial Revolution)

II. Status of women in the 16 th & 17 th century A. Protestants 1. rejected celibacy of clergy – encouraged marriage of priest 2. men & women spiritually equal – but women were subordinate to men 3. Marriage: procreation, avoidance of sin, mutual help & companionship a. divorce was allowed

B. Catholics 1. upheld celibacy of clergy 2. Trident Decree of Tametsi - marriage must be by the church a. wife was to be obedient, silent, and pious b. divorce was forbidden C. Prostitution – tolerated by both Catholics & Protestants D. Work: single women (middle & working class) worked in many occupations (midwives, servants)

E. Witch Hunts ( ) 1. Period of hysteria during the Reformation 2. Church: powers come from either God or the Devil a. Used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas.

3. Women: 80% of victims (“weaker vessels”) a. Single / widowed older women b. Misogyny (hatred of women) c. Midwifery / folk medicine 4. Religious wars and divisions created a panic environment; scapegoating a. Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their people; appeared to be protecting them

5. End of witch hunts a. Scientific Revolution b. Advances in medicine; insurance companies c. Trials became chaotic; accusers could be accused d. Protestant Reformation

The African Slave Trade

III. Commercial Revolution (ca ) A. Significance: 1. Spurred age of discovery & exploration 2. Rise of capitalism 3. Rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) B. Causes: 1. Population growth: 70 million in 1500; 90 million in “price revolution”: (long slow upward trend); increased food prices, increased volume of $, influx of gold & silver

C. Rise in capitalism (laissez-faire): 1. Entrepreneurs; bourgeoisie at the forefront 2. Banking: Fuggers, Antwerp in 16 th c., Amsterdam in 17 th c. 3. Chartered companies: state provided monopolies in certain areas (BEIC, DEIC) 4. joint-stock companies: investors pooled resources for common purpose (forerunner of modern corporation) 5. stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Germany 6. Enclosure movement; “Putting-out” Industry

7. New industries: cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons & muskets 8. Consumer goods: rice, sugar, tea 9. Mercantilism: nations sought self-sufficient economy; “bullionism”