Chapter 11 Sections 1& 2

The Industrial Revolution Objective: To examine the growth in mid-19 century technology and the subsequent factory conditions.

The Industrial Revolution Gradually, machines took the place of many hand tools. Much of the power once provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines.

Steam Transport Fitch and Fulton The Age of Steamboats –Cheap means of moving goods –Move people

American Industry Grows Machines and Factories

Revolution Takes Hold Mass Production Rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects Interchangeable Parts Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

The Effects of Factory Growth Factory workers often worked 15 hours or more a day. Child labor and injuries were common, and wages were low. (photo by Lewis Hine, )

Some of the young knitters in London Hosiery Mills. London, Tenn. (photo by Lewis Hine, )

How did workers fight against factory owners? By the 1830’s, workers began to form trade unions in order to fight for better working conditions. Union workers sometimes make their demands by going on strike.

Negatives Factories began to replace skilled workers, such as carpenters and shoemakers.

Section 2: The North Transformed Growth of Cities: –Urbanization-the growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities

The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse in First Transcontinental Telegraph Line, 1860 S. F. B. Morse in 1844 Growth of Northern Industry

Advances Agriculture Mechanical Reaper –Cyrus McCormick Manufacturing Isaac Singer –Sewing Machine

American Industry Grows The Lowell Mills –Francis Cabot Lowell –Waltham, Massachusetts –Spinning/weaving together –Lowell Girls Boarding houses

Transportation Revolution

Railroads became an important part of the American economy beginning in the 1850’s.

BENEFITS: Farmers and merchants could transport their goods quicker and cheaper.

United States rail network Cities grew along rail routes. Ex.) Chicago and Cincinnati

Immigrants

New Americans In the 1840’s and 1850’s, about 4 million immigrants arrived in the U.S.

In the 1840’s, over 1 million people died in Ireland due to the Irish Potato Famine.

New York City riots, 1863

(left) Population density of people born in Ireland, 1870; these were mostly Catholics Most Irish immigrants came to the U.S. poor, settling in either Boston, New York, or Philadelphia.

The Germans German immigrants came to the U.S. to escape war and to better their lives. German immigrants boarding a ship for America in the late 19th century

Those with money bought farms in the Midwest.

Those too poor to buy land stayed in east coast cities, such as New York.

Effects of Immigration Immigrants took available jobs in factories and mines, helping the economy US photo miners in Hazleton, PA

Nativists tried to limit immigration, blaming immigrants for “stealing” jobs from native-born Americans and for being criminals. (above) New York Times want ad 1854

In the 1850’s, nativists formed the Know- Nothing Party. A cartoon from the 1850s by the "Know- Nothings" accusing the Irish and German immigrants of negatively affecting an election. Video Clip: Gangs of New York (2:00)

Cartoons depicted Irish immigrants as ape-like barbarians prone to lawlessness, laziness and drunkenness.