The APOLLON/ILE 10PW Laser project ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 The APOLLON/ILE 10PW Laser project A potential prototype for ELI “TiSa based” lasers Associated laser bottlenecks and required collaborative R&D Matthieu Somekh (DRIP Ecole Polytechnique) Jean Paul Chambaret (ILE) Gérard Mourou (ILE) Matthieu.somekh@polytechnique.edu Jean-paul.chambaret@ensta.fr

200PW ELI 10PW Apollon (ILE) How to compare ILE APOLLON and ELI The highest peak power project How to compare ILE APOLLON and ELI with existing UHI lasers ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 1PW ~highest power laser today (Astra Gemini, Vulcan) 1022 W/cm² 1025W /cm² The most powerful installations (100-200TW) (Commercially available) 10PW Apollon (ILE) I < 1021 W/cm² 1023 1024W /cm²

Regimes accessible with ELI and ILE Lasers ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2 EQ=mpc2 ILE APOLLON NL Optics

ILE – APOLLON 10P : the French ELI single beamline prototype ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 FRONT END POWER AMPLIFIERS Early Front End Front End Ampli1 Ampli2 Ampli3 10 mJ <10fs 1KHz 100 mJ <10fs 10Hz 2J 15fs 10Hz 15J 15fs 0.1-1Hz 150J 15fs 1shot/mn 10TW 1021W/cm² 150TW 1022W/cm² 1PW 1023W/cm² 10PW 1024W/cm²

ILE APOLLON Single beamline 10PW laser ILE – APOLLON 10P : A collaborative project between Several laboratories on the « Plateau de Saclay » ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 ILE APOLLON Single beamline 10PW laser synchronized OPCPA Amplification stages LBO/BBO KHz Ti:Sa 30 fs @ 800 nm 500 µJ Spectral broadening < 10 fs @ 800 nm 100 µJ, kHz Yb:KGW Diode pumped 300 fs, 200 µJ @ 1030 nm Amplis Yb:KGW Yb:YAG 2 J @ 1030 nm 1Hz 10 fs @ 800 nm 100 mJ, 1Hz Front End Compression and SHG 1 à 100 ps 1 J @ 515 nm 1 Hz Ampli 0 2J /1Hz Nd YAG 6J/1Hz Ampli 1 « LASERIX » 50J /0.1Hz Nd Glass 100J/0.1Hz Ampli 2 600J -1shot/mn 1.5KJ – 1tr/mn Amplifiers 150J / 15 fs @1shot/mn 10 PW  180 mm  520 mm  200 mm DM1 DM2 SF G1 G2 G2b G3 G4 G3b Vacuum compression / spatial beam control

ILE – APOLLON 10P : the French ELI single beamline prototype ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 ILE Front End Spec. Broadening < 10 fs @ 800 nm 600 µJ, kHz XPW Cleaning 120µJ fs kHz Ti:Saphir 30 fs @ 800 nm 800 µJ OPCPA Amplification stages (BBO ou LBO) 10 fs @ 800 nm 100 mJ, 100-1KHz Synchronisation Collaboration With MBI On thin disk Yb amplifiers Compression and SHG 1 - 100 ps 1 J @ 515 nm 100-1 KHz Amplis Yb:KGW and Yb:YAG Diode pumped 2 J @ 1030 nm 100 – 1 KHz Laser fs Yb:KGW Diode pumped 300 fs, 200 µJ @ 1030 nm

The ILE APOLLON 10P Front End ps/ns strategy ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 NOPCPA (x100-200) (BBO, LBO or BIBO) 1-2 stages Ti:Saphir 25 fs @ 800 nm 1.5 mJ/1kHz Spectral broadening < 10 fs @ 800 nm 200 µJ, kHz Hollow fiber + XPW Yb:KGW Regen. >500 ps, 2 mJ @ 1030 nm 3D MP Amp Yb:KGW (1030nm, 3.5nm) 20-30 mJ 100Hz SHG >50% 10-20 mJ <10 fs @ 800 nm 100Hz (to1kHz) Glass stretcher Optical synchronization CM compr. 100 mJ, ~30 ps @515nm >100 µJ @800nm 10 ps >10-20 mJ @800nm 10 ps Compr. ~50 ps Strecher >500 ps Offner stretcher ~1ns, ~30% NOPCPA (x30-50) >100 mJ ~1ns (<10fs) @ 800 nm 100Hz 3D MP Amplifiers (2-3) Yb:KGW and Yb:YAG ~3 ns, 2 J, 1030 nm,10Hz ~50% 1-1.5 ns/nm 20-30% 20 mJ @1030 nm >6 mJ ~1 J, ~2ns @515nm 3-6 mJ Picosecond Stage Nanosecond Stage Thin Disk Regen. Yb:YAG (1030nm, 3nm) 200-300mJ DAZZLER Thin Disk Amp Yb:YAG ~3 ns, 2 J, 1030 nm,100Hz

ILE – APOLLON 10P : the French ELI single line prototype ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 TiSa power amplifiers section 1 J Amp-0.3: 10 Hz Diam = 6 mm Epompe = 1 J Eentrée = 0.03 J Esortie = 0.3J Amp-30: 1 tir/mn Diam= 50 mm Epompe= 70 J Eentrée= 3 J Esortie = 30J Amp-300: Diam= 170 mm Epompe= 600 J Eentrée= 100 J Esortie = 300J Amp-3: 0.1 Hz – 1 tir/mn? Diam = 22 mm Epompe = 10 J Eentrée = 0.3 J Esortie = 3J Amp-100: Diam= 100 mm Epompe= 200 J Eentrée= 30 J Esortie = 100J bloqueur l/2 alignement 1er point d’alignement

Large size TiSa crystals ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 *R&D in progress with CRYSTAL SYSTEMS based on HEM to grow size up to 8” ILE #4 in the evaluation process. After processing, the boule diameter is 192 mm, and the height is 122 mm. Last result (July 2008) *R&D with RSA Le Rubis (Fr) to grow TiSa crystals first up to  100mm, then to  200mm Kiropoulos growing process Déc2008 1er french crystal TiSa byR SA le Rubis *More recently, new developments in China at Shanghaï Institute of Ceramics using Bridgman process

ILE – APOLLON 10P : the French ELI single line prototype ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 TiSa power amplifiers section 1 J Amp-0.3: 10 Hz Diam = 6 mm Epompe = 1 J Eentrée = 0.03 J Esortie = 0.3J Amp-30: 1 tir/mn Diam= 50 mm Epompe= 70 J Eentrée= 3 J Esortie = 30J Amp-300: Diam= 170 mm Epompe= 600 J Eentrée= 100 J Esortie = 300J Amp-3: 0.1 Hz – 1 tir/mn? Diam = 22 mm Epompe = 10 J Eentrée = 0.3 J Esortie = 3J Amp-100: Diam= 100 mm Epompe= 200 J Eentrée= 30 J Esortie = 100J bloqueur l/2 alignement 1er point d’alignement

TiSa large pump lasers (ns) Collaborative R&D with industries for overcoming ILE /ELI Bottlenecks on pump lasers ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 TiSa large pump lasers (ns) 200J of green /nanosecond (20-30ns) / single beamline, >1shot/mn Laurence Livermore Nat Lab Big international tender launched in January 2009 (4 years) called «  Competitive dialog procedure »

Large size SHG crystals for pump lasers: LBO strategy ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 Large size (>Φ 50mm) LBO SHG Crystals (Cristal Laser / French company) Last year using a Φ 50mm LBO type I crystal on Alisé Laser CLEO 2008 postdeadline During Summer 2008 >93% achieved on Alisé laser with a 19 mm thick crystal!

SHG record in LBO : More than 200 J on Alisé Laser at CEA Large size SHG crystals for pump lasers: LBO strategy (2) June 2009 ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 SHG record in LBO : More than 200 J on Alisé Laser at CEA LBO type 1 F 65 mm e=12mm E (1053nm) : 235J E(527nm) : 217J h= 92% Input beam Top Hat 12ns, f 53mm

ILE – APOLLON 10P: DOE as Homogenizers ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 For large crystals, absolute need of smoothing techniques Nd:verre Pump beam Diffractive Optical Element courtesy Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  SILIOS diffractive elements Implemented on Astra Gemini !

ILE – APOLLON 10P : Compression The Back up solution ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 Large dimension : 940 x 750 mm² Available @ 800 nm for broadband spectrum Limitation on damage threshold Max fluence on gratings: 0.2J/cm² Gold Gratings : 940x750mm² LLNL grating 1480 mm-1 D= 400mm L = 1250mm R1 = 750 mm 10pCpr_Rd02 R2 = 940 mm lamb0 = 800 nm alpha = 56 ° beta0 = 20.8 Sortie 10 PW (150 J, 15 fs) (250 J) entrée Using the world largest Livermore gold gratings (1480 l/mm)

ILE – APOLLON 10P : Compression New approach (1) ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 1rst idea under investigation : Metallic /dielectric grating on High index material (Mixed) developed by O. Parriaux (Lab. H. Curien Saint Etienne) Efficiency > 95% from 700 to 1100 nm at 55° Calculated Average Efficiency 94% from 730 to 850nm Measured Metal layer Stop etched layer HfO2 98% TE Glass substrate But: Damage threshold measurements non reproducible: Best result about 1J/cm² (on grating) Today : R&D on material optimisation and deposition process New tests under development

ILE – APOLLON 10P : Compression New approach with « low index » grating  (2) ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 New approaches under investigation : Metallic /dielectric grating (low index SiO2) or mixed (multi-dielectric + metal ) grating in low index (SiO2) Collaboration: ILE, Jobin Yvon, Institut Fresnel (starting now) Diffraction Efficiency > 90% for a spectral bandwidth of 200nm (700-900nm) fs damage threshold > 400mJ/cm² , hopefully > 1J/cm² (on grating) Metal film SiO2 >95% TE Glass substrate ILE- Inst. Fresnel Patented Prototype under construction Phys. Rev B 71, 115109 (2005) M.Mero & al TM 92% ? Glass substrate Gold layer SiO2 JY patented Prototype realised LIDT under measurement

If increasing the fluence on gratings from 0.1 to 1J/cm² ILE – APOLLON 10P : Compression New approach with « low index » grating ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 If increasing the fluence on gratings from 0.1 to 1J/cm²

ILE – APOLLON 10P : Wave front control ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 1024W/cm² (10PW/1µm²)  180 mm  400mm  200 mm  400 mm DM1 DM2 SF G1 G2 G3 G4 DM = deformable mirror SF = spatial filter Wave front control

Deformable Mirror development ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 ILE/ELI DM requirements : Useful aperture 200mm Hard dielectric coating for broadband fs pulses Force momentum mirror Prototype diameter 200mm CILAS mirrors (monomorph looks very promising diameter up to 200 mm? dielectric coating?) bimorph NIGHT N mirror Diameter 150mm Dielectric coating 1,06µm

The last bottleneck …. But not the least Large optics with High Damage Threshold broadband coatings ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 Our requirements: - Broadband reflection coatings (>200nm, 700-900nm) - High fs Damage threshold : ≈ 1J/cm² for 15fs pulses - Large size optics and mirrors : 250 x 350 mm Need collaborative R&D with industrial companies expert in the field Like PGL, Okamoto, Sagem Reosc, etc…

Importance of Ti:Sapphire approach for the first 3 ELI Sites at least 9 “Apollon 10P like” lasers ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 High-intensity Test and user facility 10-Hz amps DPSSL-pumped OPCPA 1-kHz system PFS DPSSL-pumped High rep. Rate OPCPA Atto user/test gas & plasma HHG Synchronised XUV – IR user facility 2x20 PW <10 fs 100 TW Optical synchro modular extension possibility 0.1-Hz Power amps Ti:Sapphire beam recombi- nation XUV/X-ray beams HU 2 oscillators + PFS preamps 1 kHz 2-3 J / 100 Hz Booster amp 1 PFS technology DPSSL pump Booster amp 2 Booster amp 3 Power amp (2x) OPCPA 10J beamline 10 PW block (2x) TI:Sapph Flashlamp pump OPCPA 50J beamline BACKUP Power amps Ti:Sapph >50J beamline < 6 fs 1J / 100 Hz High-intensity Test & user facility e- and p+ acceleration XUV / X-ray generation Plasma physics WDM 10 J / 10Hz 50 J / 10Hz 50 J / 1Hz 100 J / 0.1Hz CZ 1 oscillator TiSa + OPCPA preamps 100Hz <10 fs 10 TW 10 PW block (2x) TI:Sapph Flashlamp pump 300 J / 0.1Hz 3x 10PW Nuclear Physics and High Intensity RO

+ ELI High Intensity Pillar Laser expected performances (10 x 20PW) ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 Early Front End FRONT END 10 mJ <10fs 1KHz 100 mJ 10Hz 1J Ampli Ampli1 Ampli2 Ampli3 POWER AMPLIFIERS 30J 15fs 0.1-1Hz 300J 1shot/mn 3.0KJ 2J 10 Laser BEAMLINES ATTOSECOND SCIENCE 10TW 1021W/cm² 150TW 1022W/cm² 2PW 1023W/cm² 20PW 1024W/cm² 0.20EW >1025W/cm²

Absolute need of finalizing the ongoing R&D on Ti:Sa technological bottlenecks ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 All bottlenecks have already been more or less overcome through the 10M€ ILE APOLLON R&D effort, leading to the ability of building the first 10PW prototype But a big effort still remains to be done for finalizing the manufacturing developments and industrial processes on: - Large TiSa crystals growing process (up to 200mm in diameter) - Large LBO SHG Crystals (finalize the manufacturing capability of 60-70mm crystals) - Broad band High damage threshold compressor gratings - Efficient and powerful pump lasers - High repetition rate diode pumped Thin disk Lasers for OPCPA front end pumping - Large homogenizers - Large aperture High damage threshold Adaptive optics (deformable mirrors) - New broadband High damage threshold HR coatings

APOLLON ILE and ELI High Intensity Laser possible location ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010

APOLLON ILE and ELI High Intensity Laser possible location ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010

Final design and construction Roadmap for ILE and ELI ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 10 PW @ 1shot/mn ILE/APOLLON (France) ELI High Field Pillar? 0.20EW =200 PW @ 1shot/mn 10 beams Preparatory Phase Final design and construction Phase

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Aknowledgments ELI Nuclear Physics meeting, Bucarest Feb1-2, 2010 To all APOLLON/ILE Workpackages leaders: Patrick Georges3, Gilles Chériaux2, Gilles Rey2, Catherine Le Blanc4, Patrick Audebert4, Denis Douillet2, Jean Luc Paillard4, Patrick Cavillac1, Dominique Fournet1, François Mathieu1,   1 ILE, ENSTA - Ecole Polytechnique, UMS 3205, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau Cedex, France 2 LOA, ENSTA - Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639 Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau Cedex, France 3 LCFIO, UMR 8501 Institut d’Optique, Campus de Polytechnique, RD12, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex France 4 LULI, UMR7605, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France To all industrial companies working with ILE on R&D: Crystal Systems Inc, RSA Le Rubis, SIC, Cristal Laser, Jobin Yvon, Quantel, Thales OSA, Continuum, LLNL, MBI, PGL, Okamoto, Sagem, SILIOS, Cilas, Imagine Optics, Phasics, Seso, Amplitude Systems, Amplitude Technologies, etc…... THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Our website: www.eli-laser.eu