Ch. 8 Photosynthesis

8-1 Energy and Life Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume Examples: Fungi and Animals Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.

ATP The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently.

ATP Section 8-1 Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview Photosynthesis - plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates - sugars and starches Experiments in Investigating Photosynthesis van Helmont – In 1643 after careful measurements of a plant’s water intake and mass increase, van Helmont concludes that trees gain most of their mass from water.

Experiments Investigating Photosynthesis Priestley – In 1771 using a bell jar, a candle, and a plant, Priestly finds that the plant releases oxygen. Ingenhousz – In 1779 Ingenhousz finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark. He concludes that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.

Photosynthesis Requirements for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight Water Pigments – the plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll; there are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic plants.

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2 Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Thylakoids – the saclike photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplasts Granum- a stack of thylakoids Stroma- space outside of the thylakoids Photosystems – clusters that contain chlorophyll and other pigments (light collecting units of the chloroplast)

LIGHT DEPENDENT AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS Light Dependent Reactions - occurs in the photosynthetic membrane in chloroplast. It is when the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds. II. Light Independent Reactions - occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes in the stroma (also known as the Calvin cycle); glucose is produced (does not require light, but can occur in light).

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3 Light O2 Sugars CO2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3 Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Chloroplast ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds

Interest Grabber Feel the Burn Section 9-1 Feel the Burn Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar. 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.

Section Outline 9–1 Chemical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food B. Overview of Cellular Respiration C. Glycolysis 1. ATP Production 2. NADH Production D. Fermentation 1. Alcoholic Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS GLYCOLYSIS AND RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis 1st stage of glycolysis - takes place in cytoplasm; glucose is changed one step at a time into different molecules. 4 ADP makes 4 ATP ( 2 molecules are used to start the reaction, so there is a gain of 2 ATP’s)

Fermentation (without oxygen) Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

Respiration If oxygen is available then respiration can occur. It’s an aerobic process (means with air). Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

ATP Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP. The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently. Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.

A total of 36 ATP molecules will be produced during Glycolysis and Respiration.

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Section 9-1 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity. Interest Grabber Section 9-2 Rolling and Folding Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve? To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.

Interest Grabber continued Section 9-2 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?

9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Section Outline Section 9-2 9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport A. The Krebs Cycle B. Electron Transport C. The Totals D. Energy and Exercise 1. Quick Energy 2. Long-Term Energy E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Video Contents Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle, Part 1 Krebs Cycle, Part 2 Electron Transport Chain, Part 1 Electron Transport Chain, Part 2 Video Contents

Click the image to play the video segment. Aerobic Respiration Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Click the image to play the video segment. Glycolysis Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2

Click the image to play the video segment. Krebs Cycle, Part 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3

Click the image to play the video segment. Krebs Cycle, Part 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4

Click the image to play the video segment. Electron Transport Chain, Part 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5

Click the image to play the video segment. Electron Transport Chain, Part 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 6

Go Online Links from the authors on Creatine Share kimchi lab data Interactive test For links on cellular respiration, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3091. For links on the Krebs cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3092. Internet

Interest Grabber Answers 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt. 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued. 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer. Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells. Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm3. 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper. 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper). 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion? Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place. Section 2 Answers

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Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 Calvin Cycle Video Contents

Click the image to play the video segment. ATP Formation Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Click the image to play the video segment. Photosynthesis Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2

Click the image to play the video segment. Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3

Click the image to play the video segment. Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4

Click the image to play the video segment. Calvin Cycle Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5

Go Online ATP activity Interactive test For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082. For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083. Internet

Interest Grabber Answers 1. What are the benefits of having a bank account? To save money and earn interest. 2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money? Go to the bank and take out the money you need. 3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities? Students will likely say that the body stores the energy. 4. What does your body do when it needs energy? Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food. Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? Plants convert light energy into chemical energy. 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? Leaves are green, as are some stems. 4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. Section 2 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight. 2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis. 3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available. 4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out. Section 3 Answers

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