Organic Compounds The BIG Four

Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few terms… Macro Macro Polymer Polymer Monomer Monomer

What do these words mean? So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!

What does “Mono” mean?

Polygons (many sides) Polygamy (many wives) Next Word…POLYMER

Polymers & Monomers Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A PEARL NECKLACE ? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMERMONOMER A TRAINTHE CARS A PEARL NECKLACEEACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

There are FOUR important biochemical molecules

When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. what they do for living things. what they do for living things. what they generally look like. what they generally look like. what their monomers are. what their monomers are. and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life. and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants

In plant foods - in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetablesIn plant foods - in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetables In animal products - in milkIn animal products - in milk CARBOHYDRATES Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables

CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… Glucose is called a monosaccharide

LIPIDS

LIPIDS Source of STORED ENERGY INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature CUSHION the internal organs for protection. Produce hormones for the body called STERIODS Waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!)

LIPIDS In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissueIn animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. Oils, butter, margarine

LIPIDS Each lipid is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

LIPIDS Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is… Lipids are shaped like the letter “E”

PROTEINS

PROTEINS Major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails Present in all cell membranes Make antibodies in the immune system Make enzymes for helping chemical reactions Make non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream) Make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in your blood

PROTEINS In plant foods - in the cell membranesIn plant foods - in the cell membranes In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish…In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish… Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

PROTEINS Each protein is made up of… THINK: “CHONS”

PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific function of the protein

Enzymes…a special protein example Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) They are required for all biochemical reactions They are required for all biochemical reactions Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week! Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCELIC ACIDS DNA DNA Is Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. RNA RNA Reads Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes makes the proteins for your body.

“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Now you know why they just call it DNA! Now you know why they just call it DNA! Another common type is RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) Another common type is RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) You may have heard of…

NUCELIC ACIDS In every living cell, often in the nucleusIn every living cell, often in the nucleus

NUCLEIC ACIDS Each nucleic acid is made up of… THINK: “CHONP”

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Something we will learn more about when we study DNA

In interesting point…three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

Resources macromolecules macromolecules Repacholi, Stephen. Repacholi, Stephen. Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.