Organic Macromolecules

4 major classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Large molecules that are found in all living organismsLarge molecules that are found in all living organisms

Organic: Defined as any molecule that has multiple-linked carbons. Usually come from living components 3 possible shapes: (draw pictures) (draw pictures)

How organic molecules are broken down and built up 1.Dehydration Synthesis (condensation): join 2 smaller molecules to create a large molecule by removing water. De-off, hydro-water, synthesis: create/make (draw picture) (draw picture)

2. Hydrolysis: breaking down a large molecule into smaller molecules by adding water. Hydro-water, lysis- to split (draw pictures) (draw pictures)

2. Hydrolysis: breaking down a large molecule into smaller molecules by adding water. Hydro-water, lysis- to split (draw pictures) (draw pictures)

Organic Macromolecules ClassTypical MonomerRoles & FunctionsExamples CarbohydratesMonosaccharide (Simple Sugars) 1. Store/source of Energy 2.Glues strength and rigidity to plants (structural component Glucose (starch, glycogen) CelluloseChitin Lipids Fatty Acids +Glycerol 1. Store/source of Energy 2.Forms protective layer 3.Structural Component 4.Stereriod hormones Wax Body fats Cell membrane TestosteroneCholesterol Proteins Amino Acids 1. Serve as Enzymes 2 Structural Components 3. Peptide Hormones Lactase, muscles, hair, cartilage, skin, insulin Nucleic Acids Nucleotides 1.Manufaturing Proteins 2.Store (heredity) information DNA & RNA

Section 2.3 Organic Macromolecules Classify an variety of organic compounds Describe how polymers are formed and broken down in organics Compare the chemical structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and how they are related to living things.

Monomer A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Here is a monomer: Here is a monomer:

Polymer Polymer means many monomers. Sometimes polymers are also known as macromolecules or large-sized molecules. Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily). A polymer can be made up of thousands of monomer. This linking up of monomers is called polymerization.

Carbohydrates Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, examples sugarstarch Cellulose Cellulose Carbohydrates are produced in green plants by photosynthesis and serve as a major source of energy in animal diets. They also serve as structural components, such as cellulose in plants and chitin in some animals.

Monosaccharide (1) A simple sugar examples examplesFructoseGlucose Ribose Ribose (2) The simplest form of carbohydrate; therefore, it cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis.

Disaccharide A sugar made of two monosaccharides example exampleSucroseLactoseMaltose

Polysaccharide A sugar made of multiple monosaccharides example exampleStarchGlycogenCellulose Could be made up of several thousand units

Lipids Are composed of glycerol and usually two or three fatty acid molecules 3 fatty acids would be called … triglyceride 3 fatty acids would be called … triglyceride “Bread” and pastries often contain mono- and diglycerides as “dough conditioners.” “Bread” and pastries often contain mono- and diglycerides as “dough conditioners.” Are hydrophobic This group of molecules includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (like cholesterol).

Proteins Very complex molecules composed of different numbers and types of monomers called amino acids A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids but some are much smaller. the smallest are often called peptides the smallest are often called peptides some much larger (the largest to date is titin a protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; it contains 26,926 amino acids in a single chain!). some much larger (the largest to date is titin a protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; it contains 26,926 amino acids in a single chain!).

Nucleic Acids The building blocks of living organisms DNA DNA RNA RNA Monomers: Nucleotides These nucleotides are made of three parts. 1. A 5-carbon sugar 2. A nitrogenous base  (N) atom 3. Phosphate