 Large molecules are built from many similar, smaller molecular units called monomers (mono= one, only)  Our cells link monomers into long chains called polymers (poly= many)

Macromolecules are vital to cell structure and function Membranes For Work and Structure Capture & Convert Energy Genetic Information Lipids Proteins Sugars Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates - sugars Proteins – amino acids Lipids – glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic Acids - nucleotides

 The covalent bonds between the monomers are formed by a reaction called Dehydration Synthesis (making something while losing water).  water molecule is released

 To break down a polymer into a monomer, a water molecule is added

 WATER IS REMOVED TO BUILD A POLYMER  WATER IS ADDED TO BREAK DOWN A POLYMER

 Carbon is commonly found in living things and can bind with other atoms up to 4 times. *do electron config for C and you will see.

 Carbon can produce endless variety of carbon “skeletons”

 Carbon based molecules are organic Ex: C 6 H 12 O 6  Organic molecules made of only C and H are hydrocarbons Ex: CH 4  Non-carbon based molecules are inorganic Ex: H 2 O NH 3

 Sugars:  Contain the elements oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen  1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen  Molecular formula single unit CH 2 O Most sugar molecules are in ring shape

Simple carbs

 Monosaccharide:  Simple sugar  Contains single sugar unit (mono-)  Quickly absorb into body for energy  Examples: Glucose, Fructose(fruit), Galactose(milk)

 “double sugar” (two monosaccharides)  Bonded by dehydration reaction  Ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose -found in a lot of plant sap *cane sugar, maple syrup

 Refined simple sugars found in foods you like  Candy, cake, syrups, fruit juice, soda, condiments  “empty calories” ….can provide a lot of energy (maybe), but no nutrients (vitamins/minerals)  Check food labels High fructose corn syrup Brown sugar Table sugar Dextrose Malt syrup Molasses

52g sugar! 4 grams= 1 teaspoon 13 teaspoons of sugar!!

Coca Cola 12 oz Can Sugars, total: 39g 20 oz (590 ml) Bottle Sugars, total: 65g 1 Liter (34 oz) Bottle Sugars, total: 108g

Mountain Dew 20 oz (590 ml) Bottle Sugars, total: 77g 1 L (34 oz) Bottle Sugars, total: 124g

 Long polymer chains (macromolecules) made of monosaccharides  Complex carbs must be broken down before they can be used

 All made from glucose 1. Starches 2. Glycogen 3. Cellulose (fiber)

 Food source for plants  Energy storage

 Sugars get stored as glycogen in animals and humans (our form of “starch”)  Stored mainly in liver and muscle  Body breaks it down into glucose when it needs energy

 Cellulose- used by plants to give strength and rigidity to cell walls (keeps shape)  Undigestable  Bulks up wastes, moves it thru colon more rapidly  preventing constipation

 Most carbs are hydrophilic (water loving) because the “OH” group attracts water. -it readily dissolves in water

 Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides  Glucose is primary source of energy for living things and building block for bigger molecules  Animals have too much glucose, gets stored as glycogen. Plants store as starch  Cellulose: undigestable plant polymer (FIBER)

What is the function of Lipids (Fats)?  Energy storage fats are source of long-term energy storage  Cell structure major component in cell membranes  Provide signals between cells steroid hormones can be used as intercellular signal

 Structure of Fats:  Glycerol: 3 Carbon Backbone  3 Fatty Acids (long hydrocarbon chains) Glycerol Three fatty acids

 Hydrophilic:  Water loving  Glycerol heads Hydrophobic: Water fearing Fatty acid tails

 Saturated fats  are solid at room temp  Ex: butter, lard, animal fat  all fatty acid chains have max # of H  Unsaturated fats  liquid at room temp  Ex: oils, fruit, veggie and fish fats  fatty acids contain less than max # of H and form “kinks” in the fat

 Carbon skeleton forms 4 fused rings  Differ in functional groups  Examples:  sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)  Cholesterol

 Contain C, O, H, N, P  Composed of monomers called nucleotides  5-carbon sugar  phosphate group  nitrogenous base

TRANSMIT GENETIC INFORMATION

 Contain C, H, O, N  Monomers called amino acids (AA)

 Peptide bonds link AA to make a protein (polypeptide)  20 different amino acids in nature + +  protein AA monomer

 Control rate of reactions (enzymes)  Regulate cell processes  Form important cell structures  Transport substances into/out of cells  Help fight disease  Hair, muscle, nails

 Hydrophilic/hydrophobic side groups (R groups)  Bonds between R groups  Denature:  When a protein unravels, no longer functions  What could cause this? pH changes Temperature changes