 Composition of matter and how it changes  As living things, we require 20 elements › Most of which are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen  Biochemistry: study of chemical processes related to living things

 Atom: individual unit of an element that still has the element’s properties › Atoms of different elements are different from one another › Protons (+), neutrons, electrons (-)  Bonds: attractions between atoms; due to sharing or donating of electrons › Covalent: shared electrons › Ionic: transfer of electrons

 Molecules: more than one atom  Compounds: more than one type of atom  Examples: › Na › O 2 › H 2 O

 Macromolecules: large molecules made of repeating subunits (AKA polymers)  Made of monomers (smaller molecules, repeating subunits)  There are different monomers depending on which atoms are arranged and how they are arranged

 We consume the macromolecule, but it is later broken down into these smaller monomers to be used in our body.

 Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio  Monomer: monosaccharides

 Disaccharides (2 mono’s)  Polysaccharides (3/more mono’s)

 Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, starch  Functions: energy storage, structural support in plants  Foods: sugars, syrups, pasta, candy cane, candy corn, fruits, vegetables, bread Bozeman - Sulfuric acid and sugar -

 Elements: C, H, O, sometimes P  Monomer: fatty acids, glycerol

 Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, hormones)  Functions: energy storage (2x as much as carbs), insulation, shock absorber, cell membranes  Foods: oils, butter, cheese, meat

 Unsaturated: has double bonds › Liquid at room temperature  Saturated: no double bonds, completely saturated with Hydrogen › Solid at room temperature  Which of these is healthier?

 Elements: C, H, O and N  Monomer: amino acids (20 types)  Functions: energy, enzymes, cell transport, muscular structure, receptors, antibodies  Foods: meat, fish, grains, nuts

 Dehydration synthesis: building a bigger molecule; water is removed

 Contain chains or rings of carbon  Everything we’ve discussed › Carbs › Lipids › Proteins › Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

 Structure:  central carbon  amino group  carboxyl group (acid)  R group (side chain)  variable group  unique chemical  properties of the amino acid

 Amino acids are joined by a peptide bond

 The structure/folding of a protein determines its function.

 Amino acid linear sequence › “Beads on a string”

 First stage of folding › Alpha Helix › Beta pleated sheet

 More folding › Protein folds in on itself

 2 or more units folded together

Protein folding -Randomly put 15 pins on the tuber (primary -1) -Arrange your protein chain into an alpha helix or beta sheet (secondary -2) -Touch red pins with the blue pins and white pins with the yellow pins (tertiary - 3) - tertiary structures bind with one another (quaternary- 4)