Organic Macromolecules

Chemical Reactions The rearrangement of atoms 6 CO H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O O 2 (Reactants) (Products)

Energy Time Chemical Reactions Endergonic Reaction Energy is required Energy is required Exergonic Reaction Energy is released Energy is released Activation Energy Energy req’d to start rxn Energy req’d to start rxnCatalyst Decreases AE Decreases AE Speeds up rxns Speeds up rxns Products Reactants

Chemical Reactions Review 2 Mg + O 2  2 MgO Was energy mostly released or absorbed? Was energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Why doesn’t this reaction occur on its own? Why doesn’t this reaction occur on its own? 6 CO H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O O 2 Is energy mostly released or absorbed? Is energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Where does the absorbed energy go? Where does the absorbed energy go?

Condensation (dehydration) Monomers join to form polymers Monomers join to form polymersHydrolysis Polymers can be split into monomers Polymers can be split into monomers Macromolecular Structure

COH H H HCOH H H H Dehydration/Condensation 1.H and OH are removed 2.Monomers bond

Macromolecular Structure C OH H H HCOH H H H Hydrolysis 1.Molecules separate 2.Water lyses and occupies open bonds

Carbohydrates C, H, & O in 1:2:1 ratio Often in rings or linked rings Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Carbohydrate monomer Carbohydrate monomer Glucose- Photosynthesis Glucose- Photosynthesis Fructose- Fruit Fructose- Fruit Galactose- Milk Galactose- Milk

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide (sugars linked together) Cellulose- Plant cell walls, wood, cotton Cellulose- Plant cell walls, wood, cotton Starch- Plant energy storage Starch- Plant energy storage

Lots of C, twice as much H, very little O Hydrocarbon chains Fatty acid (monomer) Triglyceride (polymer) 3 fatty acids linked together 3 fatty acids linked together Oil (liquid)- E storage Oil (liquid)- E storage Fat (solid)- E storage, Fat (solid)- E storage, insulation, insulation, padding padding Lipids Nonpolar -Won’t dissolve in H 2 O Polar -Will dissolve in H 2 O =

Lipids Steroids (four carbon rings) Cholesterol, venoms, hormones Cholesterol, venoms, hormones

Proteins C, H, O, N and sometimes S Peptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer Over twenty varieties Over twenty varieties (Differ only in “radical” group) R Radical Group C H N H H C O O H

Proteins

Proteins Polymers made of amino acids Structural examples Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Cell membrane proteins Cell membrane proteins

Proteins Enzymes Protein catalysts Protein catalysts Help convert substrates to products Help convert substrates to products CC HH HH HCC HH HH H O H H

Rate of Rxns Temperature As temp ↑, collisions are more frequent (rate ↑) As temp ↑, collisions are more frequent (rate ↑) At high temps, enzyme changes shape (rate ↓) At high temps, enzyme changes shape (rate ↓) Temperature Rate Denaturation

Rate of Rxns pH Different enzymes have different optimal ranges Different enzymes have different optimal ranges

Rate of Rxns As [substrate] ↑, Rate ↑ [substrate] Rate

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide (monomer) Phosphate group Phosphate group 5-C monosaccharide 5-C monosaccharideRiboseDeoxyribose Nitrogen base Nitrogen base A, C, G, T, or U

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Polymers RNA RNA Protein synthesis DNA DNA Primary genetic info