14-15 school year EOC review Reporting Category 1 14-15 school year EOC review

TEK 4A Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes Do NOT have a nucleus However, they do contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) They have a cell wall They are unicellular Kingdoms: Archaea and Bacteria

Eukaryotes Have a nucleus that contains DNA Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not Have organelles Can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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TEK 4B Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules

Homeostasis Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells To stay alive, a cell must exchange materials such as food, water, and wastes with its environment Small molecules like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can move in and out freely

Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Smaller molecules diffuse faster Molecules diffuse faster at higher temperatures Osmosis is the diffusion of water; water will move to an area that has a higher concentration of molecules Hypotonic: solute concentration is higher inside cell(less water) so water enters the cell causing it to swell and possibly burst Hypertonic: solute concentration is higher outside cell so water moves out causing the cell to shrink Isotonic: the concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane

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TEK 4C Compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza

Viruses A non-living parasite Highly specific to the types of cells they infect Turns the cell into a virus making factory

Viral Reproduction Viruses can reproduce through the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle Each cycle uses the cell’s equipment to build new viruses Lytic cycle results in death of cell Lysogenic cycle does not result in death of cell

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TEK 5A Describe the stages of the cell cycle, including DNA replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

Why do cells divide? Growth, reproduction(in single celled organisms) and repair Control of the Cell Cycle: G1 checkpoint- check to see if DNA is damaged G2 checkpoint- check to see if DNA replicated properly M checkpoint- check the alignment of chromosomes

Mitosis The division of the nucleus that results in identical complete copies of chromosomes packaged into two new nuclei Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm that results in two daughter cells

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TEK 5C Describe the roles of DNA, RNA, and environmental factors in cell differentiation

Cell Differentiation You started life as a single cell, a zygote. Your body now contains millions of cells that are specialized for different functions. Muscle cells are specialized for movement. Stomach cells produce acid that breaks down food. The development of cells that have specialized functions is known as cell differentiation. All the cells of a multicellular organism contain the same DNA, so cell differentiation is due to a difference in gene expression rather than a difference in DNA. The process of gene expression is affected by both the internal and external environment

TEK 5D Recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer

Characteristics of cancerous cells Lost the restraints on growth; they are engaged in mitosis(dividing for an unlimited number of generations) Lack of contact inhibition Reduced dependence on growth factors in the environment Do not cooperate with other cells in their environment

Characteristics of cancerous cells

TEK 9A Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids

Metabolism Metabolism: the full set of chemical processes carried out by a living organism Anabolism: the formation of large complex molecules by linking together smaller, simpler molecules Require energy input Catabolism: the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller molecules Release energy

Biomolecules Biomolecule Facts Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Elements: CHO Monomer: monosaccharides Used to store and release energy Protein Elements: CHON Monomer: amino acids Function as enzymes or structure Lipids Monomer: triglycerides Function as energy storage Nucleic Acids Elements; CHON Monomer: nucleotides Components of DNA and RNA

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