Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Enzymes. Nucleic Acids Informational polymers Made of C,H,O,N and P No general formula Examples: DNA and RNA.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
(carbon-based compounds)
Advertisements

Proteins & Nucleic Acids Images taken without permission from
AP Biology CH. 5 Macromolecules: part 2- proteins & nucleic acids Building Blocks of Life.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor,
Cell Biology Unit Two. Covalent Bonds Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
 Structural support: cacoons, webs, tendons, ligaments  Storage: egg whites  Enzymes: for digestion and to speed up life processes  Transport: hemoglobin,
Proteins & Nucleic Acids Proteins make up around 50% of the bodies dry mass and serve many functions in the body including: – Enzymes - Catalysts that.
G-protein linked Plasma membrane receptor. Works with “G-protein”, an intracellular protein with GDP or GTP. Involved in yeast mating factors, epinephrine.
Macromolecules: proteins & nucleic acids Building Blocks of Life
Large Biomolecules. All Organisms Contain the Same Four Classes of Large Biomolecules lipids - hydrophobic =>macromolecules - chains of subunits polysaccharides.
Organic Molecules: an Overview  Organic vs. inorganic molecules  What is the difference???
Chapter 3 Biology Sixth Edition Raven/Johnson (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Proteins (aka polypeptides)
Proteins and DNA Chapter 3.
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Focus on: u Elements in each molecule u How molecules are linked and unlinked u Examples and functions of each type of molecule.
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Four Major Organic Compounds. Four organic compounds necessary for life CarbohydratesProteinsLipids Nucleic Acids.
Proteins  Organic compounds made of C, O, H, N and S  Building blocks – 20 different amino acids  Peptide and Polypeptides: Dehydration (Condensation)/
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS –arranged in specific sequence –linked by PEPTIDE BONDS –range in length from a few to 1000+
Review of Biological Chemistry. Biologically Important Elements.
Chapter 3 Proteins and Enzymes (Chapter 7). Protein Structure – determined by folding Can be globular (spherical) or fibrous (long fibers) Proteins fold.
Chapter 8 An Introduction To Metabolism. Metabolism u The totality of an organism’s chemical processes. u Concerned with managing the material and energy.
Proteins. involved in EVERYTHING! – structural AND functional (enzymes = most important) tens of thousands of different proteins – each has a specific.
DNA. Nucleic Acids Informational polymers Made of C,H,O,N and P No general formula Examples: DNA and RNA.
Molecules of Life II CHAPTER 3 Proteins Amino Acid Monomers Polypeptide (protein) Polymers Levels of Protein Structure Importance of Structure to Function.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
NOTES: Ch 5, part 2 - Proteins & Nucleic Acids Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions ● Proteins account for more.
PROTEINS (Polymers of Amino Acids)
Proteins, Enzymes and Nucleic Acids. Structure of a Fat molecule.
Proteins & Nucleic Acids Proteins make up around 50% of the bodies dry mass and serve many functions in the body including: – Enzymes – Biological catalysts.
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
AP Biology Discuss the following with your group and be prepared to discuss with the class 1. Why is the shape of a molecule important? 2. How is a covalent.
Biochemistry VI Proteins & Enzymes. Proteins Large, complex organic molecules Made of smaller monomers: Amino Acids Categories of proteins: –Structural.
Chapter 8 An Introduction To Metabolism. Metabolism u The totality of an organism’s chemical processes. u Concerned with managing the material and energy.
Proteins, Enzymes and Nucleic Acids The DNA/RNA non-specific Serratia nuclease prefers double-stranded A-form nucleic acids as substrates Gregor Meiss,
Protein- Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure.
1 Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Proteins.
PROTEINS L3 BIOLOGY. FACTS ABOUT PROTEINS: Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NITROGEN Polymer is formed using 20 different amino acids.
L IPIDS © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc Fats are lipids that are mostly energy- storage molecules Lipids are water insoluble (hydrophobic, or water-
CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY The structure and function of macromolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids Chapter 5.
Nucleic Acids & Proteins Chapter 5.4+ Biochemistry.
Proteins Importance: instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known Monomer:
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. II. Classes of Organic Molecules: What are the four classes of organic molecules?
Organic Macromolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids.
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Nucleic Acids & Proteins
Proteins Organic compounds made of C, O, H, N and S
Part 3: Organic Compounds
Macromolecules Part 2 Unit 1 Chapter 5.
PROTEINS Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS
Your Homework Review the following slides and record information that is unfamiliar to you as well as questions you have. The expectation is that you have.
Study Question: What are enzymes?
Chapter 8 Introduction To Metabolism (also ch. 41 indep. Study)
PROTEINS Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS
List a Carbohydrate Monomer
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
copyright cmassengale
Organic Chemistry Organic – molecules that have a carbon skeleton and also contain some hydrogen atoms Carbon is versatile because can form many bonds.
Bio-Macromolecules.
Biological Chemistry.
Unit #1: Biochemistry Chapters 1-6.
Macromolecules.
Nucleic Acids and Proteins
copyright cmassengale
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Enzymes

Nucleic Acids Informational polymers Made of C,H,O,N and P No general formula Examples: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides have three parts: nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate

Nitrogenous Bases Rings of C and N The N atoms tend to take up H + Make it basic Two types: Pyrimidines (single ring) Purines (double rings)

Pentose Sugar 5-C sugar Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose – DNA RNA and DNA differ in a –OH group on the 2 nd carbon.

Nucleosides and Nucleotides Nucleoside = base + sugar Nucleotide = base + sugar + Pi

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Makes up genes. Genetic information for life.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid. Structure and protein synthesis. Genetic information for a few viruses only.

Proteins The molecular tools of the cell. Polypeptide chains of Amino Acids monomer linked by peptide bonds. Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes S. No general formula. Has Amino group NH 3

Uses Of Proteins Structure Enzymes Antibodies Transport Movement Receptors Hormones

Amino Acids All have a Carbon with four attachments: -COOH (acid) -NH 2 (amine) -H -R (some other side group)

R groups The properties of the R groups determine the properties of the protein. 20 different kinds: Nonpolar - 9 AA Polar - 6 AA Electrically Charged Acidic - 2 AA Basic - 3 AA

Amino Acids

Polypeptide Chains Formed by dehydration synthesis between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of the second AA. Produce an backbone of: (N-C-C) X

Levels Of Protein Structure Organizing the polypeptide into its 3-D functional shape. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Primary Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Many different sequences are possible with 20 AAs.

Secondary 3-D structure formed by hydrogen bonding between parts of the peptide backbone. Two main secondary structures:  helix pleated sheets

Tertiary Bonding between the R groups. Examples: hydrophobic interactions ionic bonding Disulfide bridges (covalent bond)

Quaternary When two or more polypeptides unite to form a functional protein. Example: hemoglobin

Is Protein Structure Important?

Denaturing Of A Protein Events that cause a protein to lose structure (and function). Example: pH shifts salt concentrations heat

Enzymes Activation Energy Energy needed to reach the transition state Needed to start reaction Activation Energy Potential Energy

Enzymes Biological catalysts made of protein. Cause the rate of a chemical reaction to increase. Usually specific to one substrate. Each chemical reaction in a cell requires its own enzyme.

Reactions Enzymes lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction to take place. Makes it faster/easier to reach transition state

Active Site The area of an enzyme that binds to the substrate. Structure is designed to fit the molecular shape of the substrate. Therefore, each enzyme is substrate specific.

Example Lactose A disaccharide Enzyme breaks into 2 monosacharides Lactase Is added to milk to break the sugar so the body doesn’t have to This makes lactose-free milk Many people of African/Asian descent are lactose intolerant. Only areas where cattle were raised developed the ability to digest lactose

Factors that affect Enzymes Environment pH, temp, salt Cofactors Non-organic helpers to enzymes. Ex. Fe, Zn, Cu Coenzymes Organic helpers to enzymes. Ex. vitamins Inhibitors Competitive - mimic the substrate and bind to the active site. Noncompetitive - bind to some other part of the enzyme. Allosteric Sites

Metabolic Control Feedback Inhibition When a metabolic pathway is switched off by its end-product. End-product usually inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway. Structural Order Separation of enzymes and metabolic pathways in time or space by the cell's organization. Example: enzymes of respiration