Carbon and Organic Chemistry Carbon is a versatile atom. Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions. Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules. Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model

Carbon and Organic Chemistry Variations in Carbon skeletons Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings

Hydrocarbons Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.

Chemical Components of Cells *structural isomers *geometric isomers *enantiomers Example of enantiomers:

Carbon and Organic Chemistry The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton These atoms are called functional groups Some common functional groups include: Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group Found in alcohols and sugars Found in amino acids and urea in urine (from protein breakdown) Found in amino acids, fatty acids, and some vitamins Found in sugars

Macromolecules *most macromolecules are polymers polymer monomer The making and breaking of polymers: Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis: 6

MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes 7

Proteins as Polymers Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis Carboxyl group Amino group The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond Side group Side group Amino acid Amino acid Dehydration synthesis Side group Side group Peptide bond 8

Amino Acids

Protein Structure Primary structure 1 5 The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different 15 10 35 30 25 20 45 Primary structure 40 50 55 65 60 70 The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein 85 80 75 95 100 90 110 115 105 120 125 129 Amino acid 10

Protein Structure A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 7. . . 146 2 3 6 1 4 5 (a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin 1 2 7. . . 146 3 6 4 5 (b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin 11

Macromolecules Secondary structure Tertiary structure

Macromolecules Quaternary structure How does this all happen? ●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins