Organic molecules are the foundation of life

2. 3 Carbon Compounds Introduction to Organic Biomolecules 2.3 Carbon Compounds Introduction to Organic Biomolecules!!!! Directions: While you watch this video, please answer the questions on the worksheet. Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3 - YouTube

Organic Molecules Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons Inorganic Molecules Carbon-based molecules Hydrocarbons Organic molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH4) Inorganic Molecules Non-carbon based molecules Examples: H20, NH3, O2

ELEMENTS OF LIFE What elements does carbon bond to make up life’s molecules? Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen Organisms are made up molecules that contain carbon and these other elements.

THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost energy level. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures H Straight chain Branched chain H C H Ring H

Carbon Skeletons

Macromolecules “Giant Molecules” Polymers vs Monomers Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/pieces bonded together. This Process is known as polymerization

Monomers bond together to build Polymers Dehydration reaction - Each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (Lose Water)

Hydrolysis Reaction - Each time a monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (Add Water).

WARM-UP 1. What is the main element in Organic Compounds? 2. How many atoms can carbon form covalent bonds with? 3. Name the three general types of structures in carbon-based molecules have?

Answers 1. Carbon 2. Four 3. a. Straight b. Branched c. Ring

Macromolecules There are four major groups of macromolecules found in living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (Ratio= 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen) Are made up of monomers of simple sugar molecules The building blocks (simple sugar molecules) of carbohydrates are Glucose.

Three Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – Simple Sugars – made up of one sugar. (Ex: Glucose) Disaccharide – Made up of two simple sugars. (Ex: Sucrose)

Three Types of Carbohydrate Polysaccharide– Made up of three or more simple sugars (Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) – Found in pasta and bread

Functions Of Carbohydrates 1. Provides energy when they are broken down. (Hydrolysis Rxtn.) 2. Provides structural support for living things. (Part the cell structure)

Types of Carbohydrates Type of Simple or Carbohydrate Complex Function Starch Complex Stores extra energy Cellulose Complex Gives plants strength and rigidity Glycogen Complex Stores extra energy Glucose Simple Supplies energy for cell activities

Types of Carbohydrates Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

Warm-Up 1.What are the two functions of carbohydrates? 2. List the 3 different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each. 3. Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?

Answers 1. a. Provides Energy b. Provides Structural support for living things. 2. a. Monosaccharides – Glucose b. Disaccharides – Sucrose c. Polysaccharides – Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen 3. Cellulose

2. Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules “water fearing” Example (oil and water don’t mix) Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain: fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids (bad for you) – Single Bonds unsaturated fatty acids – Double Bonds

Functions of Lipids 1. Store energy when broken down 2. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids) 3. Waterproof coverings on cells and tissues

A closer look at phospholipid orientation in cell membranes:

Warm Up What Lipid makes up cell membranes? Two types of Fatty Acids in lipids? Give two examples of lipids.

Answers Phospholipid Saturated and Unsaturated Oils, Fats and waxes

3. Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Parts of an amino acid: 1. Amino Group 2. Carboxyl Group 3. Side Group (R Group)

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Polypeptides Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid monomers

Proteins and Levels of Organization 1. Primary Structure – is the order of its amino acids. 2. Secondary Structure – is the folding of the polypeptide chain 3. Third Level Structure – is the three- dimensional arrangement of a chain 4. Fourth Level Structure – is how the different chains are placed next to each other.

Functions Of Proteins 1. Control cell processes 2. Control rate of reactions 3. Form important parts in cells 4. Move substances in and out of cells 5. Help to fight disease

Warm-Up 1. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? 2. What are the building blocks of Proteins? 3. What special type of bond links amino acids?

Answers 1. 20 2. Amino Acids 3. Polypeptide Bonds

4. Nucleic Acids Made up of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three parts: 1. sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

Functions of Nucleic Acids 1. Store and transmit genetic information

2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reaction – A process that changes one set of chemicals into another. Changes in energy occur in chemical reactions. (Release or use energy) Chemical bonds are broken and other bonds are formed during a chemical reaction

Enzymes Many chemical reactions occur inside cells Reactants  products Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Activation Energy -The energy needed to start up a reaction Catalyst – any compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Enzymes are never ‘used up’ Enzymes are reaction specific Substrate – reactant Active site – groove area where substrates attach to enzyme Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!!

Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a reaction.

A reaction utilizing an enzyme = catalytic reaction Activation Energy is lowered!