Chapter 9 Part 2

Republican Agrarianism Jefferson horrified by factory system in England Jefferson horrified by factory system in England Opposed industrialism in America Opposed industrialism in America Saw America as the perfect opportunity for a successful republic Saw America as the perfect opportunity for a successful republic Yeoman farmers Yeoman farmers Saw Expansionism as an opportunity not an obstacle Saw Expansionism as an opportunity not an obstacle

Jefferson’s Government Limit size – “simplicity & frugality” Limit size – “simplicity & frugality” Cut the size of the Army and the Navy Cut the size of the Army and the Navy Cut taxes Cut taxes Eliminate the debt Eliminate the debt Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Conflicted with Jefferson’s ideals Conflicted with Jefferson’s ideals Strict constructionist Strict constructionist Too good an opportunity to pass up Too good an opportunity to pass up

Independent Judiciary Jefferson allowed many Federalists to remain in their positions of government Jefferson allowed many Federalists to remain in their positions of government “Midnight Judges” “Midnight Judges” Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison Court ruled against Marbury Court ruled against Marbury Both parties pleased with decisions Both parties pleased with decisions Established the judiciary as the power of constitutionality Established the judiciary as the power of constitutionality

Louisiana Purchase 1800 – France reacquires Louisiana Territory from Spain via secret Treaty 1800 – France reacquires Louisiana Territory from Spain via secret Treaty New Orleans was vital to U.S. trade New Orleans was vital to U.S. trade Jefferson sent James Monroe to try to purchase this city from Napoleon Jefferson sent James Monroe to try to purchase this city from Napoleon Napoleon sold the entire Louisiana purchase for $15 million Napoleon sold the entire Louisiana purchase for $15 million France was weakened by defeats in Haiti France was weakened by defeats in Haiti Napoleon needed cash for war in Europe Napoleon needed cash for war in Europe This Purchase doubled the size of the United States This Purchase doubled the size of the United States

Incorporating Louisiana This region, esp. New Orleans, was ethically diverse – French, Spanish, others This region, esp. New Orleans, was ethically diverse – French, Spanish, others French was the dominant culture French was the dominant culture William Claiborne, Governor of Lower Louisiana, helped install a system based on French Civil Law rather than English Common law William Claiborne, Governor of Lower Louisiana, helped install a system based on French Civil Law rather than English Common law Many laws still in place today Many laws still in place today 1812 – Louisiana reached a population of 60,000 and became a state 1812 – Louisiana reached a population of 60,000 and became a state

Texas & the struggle for Mexican Independence Unrest in Spain Unrest in Spain Napoleon replaced King Charles IV with his brother, Joseph Napoleon replaced King Charles IV with his brother, Joseph Revolts in Mexico Revolts in Mexico 1809 & 1813 – Populist revolts led by priests 1809 & 1813 – Populist revolts led by priests 1812 – Texas gains independence in revolt led by Guitierrez (many Americans) 1812 – Texas gains independence in revolt led by Guitierrez (many Americans) 1813 – Royalist Army defeats Mexican republicans – end of Texas’ independence 1813 – Royalist Army defeats Mexican republicans – end of Texas’ independence

Problems with Neutral Rights U.S. caught in the middle of war between Napoleon & Great Britain U.S. caught in the middle of war between Napoleon & Great Britain U.S. ignores British blockade U.S. ignores British blockade 1805 – British ships began to seize U.S. cargo ships 1805 – British ships began to seize U.S. cargo ships British sailors begin to defect to American ships – better conditions, pay, etc. British sailors begin to defect to American ships – better conditions, pay, etc. Britain begins policy of impressment Britain begins policy of impressment Over 6000 American citizens forced into British Navy Over 6000 American citizens forced into British Navy Chesapeake v. Leopard Chesapeake v. Leopard bloody confrontation bloody confrontation

Embargo Act 1806 – non-Importation Act -ban on British goods to combat British practices 1806 – non-Importation Act -ban on British goods to combat British practices December 1807 – Embargo Act – forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports December 1807 – Embargo Act – forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports Embargo Act was an economic disaster – crushed U.S. trade and caused the country to go into a depression by 1809 Embargo Act was an economic disaster – crushed U.S. trade and caused the country to go into a depression by 1809 Smuggling grew at a substantial rate Smuggling grew at a substantial rate

Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable Coercion” Embargo Act was a disaster – Embargo Act was a disaster – French seized U.S. ships claiming them as British in disguise French seized U.S. ships claiming them as British in disguise Great Britain found new markets in South America Great Britain found new markets in South America James Madison succeeds Jefferson and repeals Embargo Act in 1809 James Madison succeeds Jefferson and repeals Embargo Act in 1809 Non Intercourse Act of attempts to open trade with all nations besides France and England Non Intercourse Act of attempts to open trade with all nations besides France and England failure failure

A Contradictory Indian Policy Intercourse Act of 1790 – U.S. could not seize Indian Lands Intercourse Act of 1790 – U.S. could not seize Indian Lands Most settlers ignored it Most settlers ignored it Asked for military protection when they faced Indian resistance Asked for military protection when they faced Indian resistance Jefferson believed in coexistence with Indians Jefferson believed in coexistence with Indians Hoped Indians could be converted to farmers Hoped Indians could be converted to farmers Supported Christian Missionaries Supported Christian Missionaries Many of whom did not respect Indian ways Many of whom did not respect Indian ways Jefferson offered tribes land west of the Mississippi Jefferson offered tribes land west of the Mississippi Underestimated the rate of western expansion Underestimated the rate of western expansion

Indian Resistance Tenskwatawa, “the prophet”, preached a return to Indian ways and denounced the whites Tenskwatawa, “the prophet”, preached a return to Indian ways and denounced the whites Tecumseh, “the prophet’s brother”, led a pan- Indian alliance against the settlers Tecumseh, “the prophet’s brother”, led a pan- Indian alliance against the settlers Not all Indians (eg. “Black Hoof”) followed Tecumseh Not all Indians (eg. “Black Hoof”) followed Tecumseh Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, led 1000 U.S. soldiers against 700 Indians William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, led 1000 U.S. soldiers against 700 Indians Minor U.S. victory – but gained favorable press back east Minor U.S. victory – but gained favorable press back east