Quiz Today Look over your notes from Days 1 and 2 and be ready to take a short quiz about 5 minutes after the bell.

An Immigrant Story

Immigration in the Late 1800s As we see more factories and businesses grow in the late 1800s, more people move to the cities from farms.(Urbanization) Many came in STEERAGE – the cheapest and lowest levels of passenger ships In addition, many IMMIGRANTS come from other countries to the U.S. as well. ELLIS ISLAND – Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe come across the Atlantic Ocean to Ellis Island in New York harbor. ANGEL ISLAND – Immigrants from Asia (primarily China) come across the Pacific to Angel Island in San Francisco Bay.

Factors Contributing to Immigration Push Factors- issues that made immigrants want to leave their home country. Poor Economies Religious Persecution Absolutist Governments Pull Factors- issues that made immigrants want to come to America Booming Economy- jobs Freedom of Religion Democracy

Ellis Island

Angel Island

Angel Island Poetry There are tens of thousands of poems on these walls They are all cries of suffering and sadness The day I am rid of this prison and become successful I must remember that this chapter once existed I must be frugal in my daily needs Needless extravagance usually leads to ruin All my compatriots should remember China Once you have made some small gains, you should return home early. I thoroughly hate the barbarians because they do not respect justice. They continually promulgate harsh laws to show off their prowess. They oppress the overseas Chinese and also violate treaties. They examine for hookworms and practice hundreds of despotic acts.

NATIVISM Many people in America didn’t like the new wave of immigrants coming here. NATIVISTS opposed immigration for multiple reasons: –Economic: They felt immigrants would take jobs and work for very cheap wages –Social: Immigrants were blamed for problems like crime, poverty and violence –Religious: Many immigrants brought new religions that scared people In 1882, Congress passes the CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT – it denied citizenship to Chinese immigrants and banned new immigrants from coming to the U.S.

LIFE IN THE CITIES Once immigrants got through immigration, life wasn’t that easy either. Many immigrants lived in TENEMENTS – low income apartments. Tenements had a lot of problems: –Overcrowding- too many people in too small a place –Unsanitary Conditions- disease was rampant –Safety Concerns- the Buildings were just thrown together with no concern for safety issues.

“Dumbell” Tenement

“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

Lodgers Huddled Together

Tenement Slum Living

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

Architecture in the Cities : Late 1800s Architecture in the Cities : Late 1800s Despite these problems, cities continued to grow. SKYSCRAPERS helped solve space problem – cities grew up when they couldn’t grow out. New forms of TRANSPORTATION allowed people with money to move a little farther away from the middle of the city. People could COMMUTE from their home on the outskirts into the city to work.

Western Union Bldg,. NYC

Singer Building NYC

Woolworth Bldg. NYC

Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

Grand Central Station, 1913

John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

San Francisco Cable Cars

The El Train in Chicago

Duquesne Incline, Pittsburgh, PA

Urban Growth:

THE SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT Religious Reformers worked to better conditions in the city according to Biblical ideas of charity and justice. The SALVATION ARMY and the YMCA are formed to help the urban poor and give them religious guidance. Andrew Carnegie applied this concept through Philanthropy.

SETTLEMENT HOUSES People try to help living conditions for the working poor and immigrants by starting SETTLEMENT HOUSES. The most famous settlement house was the HULL HOUSE in Chicago opened by Jane Addams. Other Settlement houses include: –South End House in Boston –Henry Street Settlement in NYC (Lillian Wald) –Locust Street Social Settlement (for African Americans by Janie Porter Barnett)

EDUCATION IN THE LATE 1800s In the late 1800s, the number of PUBLIC schools increases drastically. To help deal with educational discrimination, African Americans like BOOKER T. WASHINGTON start schools like the TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE in Alabama New colleges and universities (esp. women's colleges) open up. New public libraries (including many funded by Andrew Carnegie) open up around the U.S.

LEISURE TIME For those who had money, there was plenty of cool new stuff to do in the city: –Baseball: Becomes very popular in the late 1800s. The first World Series is played in 1903 between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Boston Pilgrims (later the Red Sox) –Football: Becomes popular on college campuses –Basketball: Invented by James Naismith in Springfield, MA VAUDEVILLE – Variety shows that people could come see for a small price RAGTIME – Musicians like SCOTT JOPLIN bring a new type of music to the cities.