Age of Discovery Mr. Stikes

SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain. b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact. c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.

Why? Reasons for the Age of Discovery: Economic Monopolies Muslim, Italian Goods from Asia: Pepper Cinnamon Silk

Why? “Gold, Glory, God” Gold: make money Glory: become famous God: spread Christianity

Famous Explorers Zheng He Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Dias Christopher Columbus John Cabot Vasco da Gama Pedro Cabral Ferdinand Magellan Henry Hudson James Cook Samuel de Champlain Jacques Cartier

Zheng He (1371-1435) China Chinese Eunuch who served the Ming Dynasty in China Muslim?

Zheng He (1371-1435) China Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean #1 – 1405-7 – 317 ships with over 27,000 men, visited Java in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India #2 – 1407-9 – similar route/fleet #3 – 1409-11 – more concentrated in SE Asia

Zheng He (1371-1435) China Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean #4 – 1413-15 – reached as far as E. Africa #5 – 1416-19 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa #6 – 1421-22 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa #7 – 1430-33 – Records destroyed

Zheng He (1371-1435) China

Zheng He (1371-1435) China Purpose: Tribute Trade Brought back riches, including wild animals (giraffes, zebras, ostriches) After 1433, China turned inward Why?

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Portuguese, son of King Dom João I and Phillipa of Lancaster Commissioned sea voyages to Africa and India Claimed four major island groups in Atlantic

Bartholomew Dias (c.1450-1500) Portuguese Voyage (1487-1488) Passed Cape of Good Hope – First European? Died on voyage to Brazil w/ Cabral Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) Italian (from Genoa) Sailed for Spain First documented voyage across Atlantic since the Vikings (≈ A.D. 1000)

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) Believed in sea route to Asia Incorrect beliefs: Asia stretched farther east (about 30° more) Japan was 1,500 miles of Asian coast Size of earth Believed the Canary Islands were only 2,500 miles from Japan

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) Gained support of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Why? Portuguese control of sea route around Africa Small gamble = big reward Promised titles and land if he could find the way

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) First Voyage (1492-1493) Three ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria Landfall in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492 “San Salvador” Observed natives they called “Indians” Visited the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) Second Voyage (1493-1496) Founded colony on Hispaniola, explored southern Cuba Isabella ordered the “Indians” converted to Christianity Third Voyage (1498-1499) Explored Trinidad & Venezuela, arrested due to chaos in Hispaniola

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506) Third Voyage (1502-1504) Explored Central America Marooned on Jamaica, rescued and returned to Spain

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)

Columbus Meeting the Native Americans

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Solves dispute between Portugal and (Castilian) Spain Splits world into Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence Mediation by Pope Alexander VI Original line: set by Inter Caetera (Papal bull of 4 May 1493) Later modified by Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)

John Cabot (c.1450-1499) Italian (Venice), sailed for England 1497 – “discovered” North America Newfoundland (probably)

Vasco da Gama (c.1469-1524) Portuguese First European to sail to India around Africa (1497-1499) Visited Calicut, principal spice trading port in India Trip as a failure?

Pedro Cabral (c.1467-1520) Portuguese Discovered Brazil (1500) Accident

Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521) Portuguese Sailed for Spain First European to sail around southern tip of South America (1520) First to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522)

Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521) 5 ships left Spain (20 September 1519) Killed in fighting with natives in the Philippines (1521) Voyage continued with only one ship (the Victoria) on under Juan Sebastian Elcano, reaching Spain on 6 September 1522

Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) French Discovered St. Lawrence River (1534) Saint Lawrence River

Samuel de Champlain (c.1570-1635) French explorer Searched for Northwest Passage Founded Quebec (1608) Discovered that European methods weren’t useful in America Solution: Befriend native peoples

Henry Hudson (1611) Sailed for both England and the Netherlands Claimed land for the Dutch East India Company Including New Netherlands (New Amsterdam, present day New York)

James Cook (1728-1779) British explorer of the Pacific Ocean, “commonly regarded as the greatest sea explorer of all time”* * Oxford Companion to World Exploration, “Cook, James”

James Cook (1728-1779) 3 Major Voyages to Pacific: #1 – Endeavor – 1768-1771 – circumnavigated New Zealand, visited Australia #2 – Resolution – 1772-1775 – charted southern Pacific #3 – Resolution – 1776-1780 – search for NW Passage, discovered Hawaii, killed in Hawaii (1779) DID YOU KNOW: James Cook was the first European to describe a kangaroo.

James Cook (1728-1779) Green = First voyage, Red = Second Voyage, Blue = Third Voyage, Blue Dotted = 3rd Voyage After Death of Cook. Map courtesy of wikimedia.org.

James Cook (1728-1779) Demonstrated that there could be no Northwest Passage or inhabitable Southern Continent Shows the merging of science with sea exploration

Technology and Exploration Astrolabe: Measures angle (altitude) of sun and starts Used to determine latitude Compass: Magnetic Determines direction Perfected by the Arabs Perfected by the Chinese

Technology and Exploration Hourglass: Determines time Maps: Drawn by Cartographers Much improved Ptolemaic grid system

Technology and Exploration Sails: Used Arab triangular sails Multiple masts Stern based rudder

Technology and Exploration Caravel Incorporated new tech. Size: ≈ 65 feet ≈ 130 tons

Columbian Exchange The exchange of goods and people from Europe, Asia and Africa (the “Old World”) to the Americas (the “New World”)

Global Impact of Columbian Exchange Movement of peoples and cultures Exchanges of ideas European room for growth

Cultural Impact of Columbian Exchange Shelter for poor & outcasts Impact on natives Positives Negatives “Melting Pot”