Exploration, Discovery and Settlement The original exploration, discovery and settlement of the Americas occurred thousands of years before Christopher Columbus was born.

Exploration, Discovery and Settlement Archeologists believe the first people to settle N. America arrived 40,000 years ago Archeologists believe the first people to settle N. America arrived 40,000 years ago These people crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia (Russia) to Alaska These people crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia (Russia) to Alaska These first Americans eventually migrated to S. America These first Americans eventually migrated to S. America They adapted to their environment, spoke different languages, developed unique cultures They adapted to their environment, spoke different languages, developed unique cultures million persons million persons

Exploration, Discovery and Settlement How were the Native Americans different? How were the Native Americans different? How were they similar? How were they similar?

Pueblo Pueblo Most N. Americans lived in small settlements (300 people) Most N. Americans lived in small settlements (300 people) Men: made tools, hunting Men: made tools, hunting Women: Grew crops Women: Grew crops Some were nomadic Some were nomadic More Complex: More Complex: Pueblos in SW U.S. had multistoried homes, irrigation Pueblos in SW U.S. had multistoried homes, irrigation Mound builders in Mississippi, Ohio R. Valleys Mound builders in Mississippi, Ohio R. Valleys Iroquois form League of Nations Iroquois form League of Nations Cultures of N. America

Adena, Hopwell and Mississippian cultures Adena, Hopwell and Mississippian cultures

Cultures of C. and S. America Aztec Capitol: Tenochtitlan Aztec Capitol: Tenochtitlan Equal in size to any European city at its height Equal in size to any European city at its height Most historians believe more people lived in Cenral and South American than N. America Most historians believe more people lived in Cenral and South American than N. America BIG 3: BIG 3: Maya Maya Aztecs Aztecs Incas Incas All were highly organized, extensive trade, calendars, scientific observations, and farming All were highly organized, extensive trade, calendars, scientific observations, and farming

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Most Europeans had no idea the Americas existed Most Europeans had no idea the Americas existed Vikings came around 1000 to N. America but left no lasting impact Vikings came around 1000 to N. America but left no lasting impact Columbus arrives in 1492 Columbus arrives in 1492 Why? Why?

Improvements in Technology Renaissance: rebirth of classical learning and outburst of scientific activity (1400s and 1500s) Renaissance: rebirth of classical learning and outburst of scientific activity (1400s and 1500s) Gunpowder from China Gunpowder from China Sailing Compass adopted by Arabs from Chinese Sailing Compass adopted by Arabs from Chinese Improvements in Shipbuilding and mapmaking Improvements in Shipbuilding and mapmaking Printing press invented in 1450s Printing press invented in 1450s

Religious Conflict Catholic Spain: Spain expelled all Muslims in the 1400s and united under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (they financed Columbus) Catholic Spain: Spain expelled all Muslims in the 1400s and united under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (they financed Columbus) N. Europe Rebels: Protestant Reformation starts in Germany, soon France, England and Holland revolt against papal authority N. Europe Rebels: Protestant Reformation starts in Germany, soon France, England and Holland revolt against papal authority Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants This causes a religious motive for exploration as European countries wanted their “versions” spread This causes a religious motive for exploration as European countries wanted their “versions” spread

Expanding Trade Competition for trade amongst European countries Competition for trade amongst European countries Looking for a new way to the riches of Asia Looking for a new way to the riches of Asia Along African coast? Or across Atlantic? Along African coast? Or across Atlantic? Portugal lead the way - Prince Henry the Navigator and Vasco da Gama Portugal lead the way - Prince Henry the Navigator and Vasco da Gama

Developing Nation-States In Europe monarchs were gaining power and building nation-states ( country where the people share a common culture and loyalty to govt.) in Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands In Europe monarchs were gaining power and building nation-states ( country where the people share a common culture and loyalty to govt.) in Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands They depended on trade for $ They depended on trade for $

Early Explorations C. Columbus sails for Spain and lands in the Bahamas in Oct C. Columbus sails for Spain and lands in the Bahamas in Oct He always thought he had reached Asia, not the Americas He always thought he had reached Asia, not the Americas He names the natives: Indians He names the natives: Indians Amerigo Vespucci = America Amerigo Vespucci = America There will now be PERMANENT interaction between Europe and the “New World” There will now be PERMANENT interaction between Europe and the “New World”

Exchanges

Dividing the New World Spain and Portugal were the first to claim land Spain and Portugal were the first to claim land In 1493 the pope drew a dividing line to separate the lands between the two countries In 1493 the pope drew a dividing line to separate the lands between the two countries Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish Exploration and Conquest Conquistadors conquered land for Spain in S. America and C. America Conquistadors conquered land for Spain in S. America and C. America Cortes def. Aztecs Cortes def. Aztecs Pizzaro def. Incas Pizzaro def. Incas Gold and silver sent back to Spain Gold and silver sent back to Spain Spain becomes wealthiest nation in Europe Spain becomes wealthiest nation in Europe

Spanish Conquests Encomienda System: king of Spain gives grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards Encomienda System: king of Spain gives grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards Indians had to work on farms/mines Indians had to work on farms/mines What caused Native Americans to die by the thousands? What caused Native Americans to die by the thousands?

English Claims