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I. Expansion and Integration II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations III. Decline in India and China IV. Decline and Fall in Rome V. The New Religious Map

I. Expansion and Integration Synthesis Confucius (ca. 551–478 B.C.E.), Laozi Buddha (ca. 566–480 B.C.E.) Socrates (ca. 469–399 B.C.E.) Unification of territory political, legal, commercial networks social aspect inequalities uprisings

II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations Independent developments c. 600 C.E. A. Sub-Saharan Africa Upper Nile Region Kush by 1000 B.C.E. Axum conquers Kush by 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia conquest of Axum Trade with Mediterranean some converts to Judaism Christianity by 300 C.E. West Africa southern fringe of Sahara regional kingdoms Ghana Egypt, Kush and Axum

II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations Independent developments c. 600 C.E. A. Sub-Saharan Africa Upper Nile Region Kush by 1000 B.C.E. Axum conquers Kush by 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia conquest of Axum Trade with Mediterranean some converts to Judaism Christianity by 300 C.E. West Africa southern fringe of Sahara regional kingdoms Ghana

East Asia at the End of the Classical Period II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations B. Asia Japan agriculture well-established by 200 C.E. regional states, c. 300 C.E. writing introduced 400 C.E. Shintoism organized by 700 C.E. state formation by 600 C.E. East Asia at the End of the Classical Period

Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations C. Northern Europe Germanic, Celtic, Slavic peoples loose kingdoms oral culture simple agriculture sailing animistic Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions

Civilizations of Central and South America II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations D. Central America Olmec, c. 800–400 B.C.E. no writing pyramids agriculture especially corn potatoes in Andes domestication of animals turkeys, dogs calendars legacy to successor cultures Teotihuacan Maya from 400 C.E. Civilizations of Central and South America

The Spread of Polynesian Peoples II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations E. South America Ancestors of Inca Peru, Bolivia F. Polynesia Isolation Fiji, Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. Hawaii by 400 C.E. G. Nomads Central Asia Asia to Middle East trade The Spread of Polynesian Peoples

III. Decline in India and China A. China Han Dynasty decline ca. 100 C.E. Daoist revival Yellow Turbans Epidemics Sui Dynasty Tang from 618 C.E. Continuity Asia, c. 600 C.E.

Indian Ocean Trading Routes in the Classical Period III. Decline in India and China B. India Invasions from 600 C.E. Gupta empire destroyed Fragmentation Rajput Buddhism declines Hinduism worship of Devi popular Islam from 7th century control of Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Trading Routes in the Classical Period

IV. Decline and Fall in Rome A. Changes Leadership weak emperors Plagues Change from republican values hedonism Diocletian (284–305 C.E.) emperor worship Constantine (312–337 C.E.) Constantinople

Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions IV. Decline and Fall in Rome B. Two Empires Eastern Greek Constantinople continuity, vigor > Byzantine Empire Western Latin, Germanic Rome decline, vulnerable > Western Europe Justinian (527–565 C.E.) Justinian Code Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions

IV. Decline and Fall in Rome C. Middle East Parthian Empire Sassanids from 227 C.E. Zoroastrianism D. North Africa Augustine bishop of Hippo Coptic church

V. The New Religious Map Common Features piety spiritual focus afterlife emerge in period of political instability A. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism Buddhism changes as it spreads bodhisattvas nirvana Mahayana China, Korea, Japan minority religion

V. The New Religious Map B. Christianity Institutional church Roman influence papacy bishops Jesus of Nazareth Salvation Spread Paul Doctrine trinity Monasticism Benedict of Nursia Rule Women spiritual equals of men

V. The New Religious Map C. Islam Later, 7th century D. The Spread of Major Religions Animism declines E. The World Around 500 C.E.