Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 THEME: The middle colonies developed with far greater political, ethnic, religious, and social diversity, and represented a more cosmopolitan middle ground between the tightly knit New England towns and the scattered, hierarchical plantation South.

The Dutch Trade, esp. with Native Americans New Netherland Founded in 1613 New Amsterdam founded 1623 Patroonship system Captured by Duke of York 1664 (now NYC)

Middle Colonies PA founded by William Penn in 1681 Quakers- Society of Friends Good PR Good Relations with N. Americans Tolerant and Democratic society NJ sold to Quakers by Puritans, made a Royal Colony in 1702 Farming, Industry, Multi-ethnic Ben Franklin

An East Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, 1756 The converging streams flowing into the Delaware River in the map constitute the Dock. The engraving at the top illustrates Philadelphia's dynamism as a port city at the time of the Seven Years War. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Maryland Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore Haven for Catholics in Prot. England Jesuits part of first colony in St. Mary’s City, said first mass in English Colonies Act of Toleration – 1649 – Religious Freedom Mixed success for Catholics, becomes Protestant majority and later Royal Colony “Brown Gold”

Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1649 That whatsoever person or persons within this Province and the Islands thereunto helonging shall from henceforth blaspheme God, that is Curse him, or deny our Saviour Jesus Christ to bee the sonne of God, or shall deny the holy Trinity the father sonne and holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall use or utter any reproachfull Speeches, words or language concerning the said Holy Trinity, or any of the said three persons thereof, shalbe punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands and goods to the Lord Proprietary and his heires. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/maryland_toleration.htm

…whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth uppon any occasion of Offence or otherwise in a reproachful manner or Way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traffiqueing, trading or comerceing within this Province or within any the Ports, Harbors, Creeks or Havens to the same belonging an heritick, Scismatick, Idolator, puritan, Independant, Prespiterian popish prest, Jesuite, Jesuited papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, or any other name or terme in a reproachfull manner relating to matter of Religion shall for every such Offence forfeit and loose the somme of tenne shillings sterling or the value thereof to bee levyed on the goods and chattells of every such Offender and Offenders…

Baltimore in 1752, from a sketch by John Moale, Esq. Baltimore was founded in 1629 and served as a shipping center for Maryland tobacco growers. By 1752, when this view was drawn, it had begun to show signs of developing into a prosperous port city. After the American Revolution, Baltimore expanded and by the 1790s boasted a population of over twenty thousand. (Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Tobacco plantation Tobacco plantation While a planter smokes a pipe and confers with his overseer, slaves on this Chesapeake plantation perform all of the tasks related to planting, cultivating, harvesting, sorting, packaging, and delivering the profitable tobacco. Slaves also fashioned the tools for coopering and made barrels for transporting hogsheads of "the weed." Ships in the background navigate right up to the edge of the plantation lands. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Tobacco trade card, Philadelphia, 1770 This trade card (advertisement) issued by a Philadelphia tobacco dealer in 1770 shows a convivial group of wealthy men at a tavern. The leisurely activity depicted here and the advertisement itself were signs of the new rituals of consumption. Merchants began to advertise only when their customers could choose among different ways of spending money. (Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERN MIDDLE Puritan Religious Freedom Farm & Industry Small Farms Slow, but Growing Conflict w/Indians Good Climate Quaker Rel. Toleration Farm & Industry Farms Democratic Tolerant Good Rel.w/Indian Malaria in Chesap.

SOUTHERN COLONIES In Southern Colonies, development of Plantations leads to slavery “Brown Gold” – tobacco is king in VA and MD Independence of Virginia House of Burgesses ends when James I makes it a royal colony Life Expectancy in New England is 70 yrs., double the Chesapeake’s Scarcity of Women – Few Settlers and high mortality rates culture

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a gentleman in the 1670s, but his resentment of the economic and political domination of the colony by a small group of planters transformed him into a backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an army of discontented farmers, servants, and slaves against the powerful coastal planters--and almost won. In this stained glass window, discovered and restored in the twentieth century, Bacon's social class and his commanding presence are both evident. (The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Southern Colonies Cont. Indentured Servants used at first for labor Headright system in MD and VA bring indent. servants 40% fatality rate Problem: no property/rebel/disenfranchised Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 – 1,000 rebels Shift to slaves as labor source Malaria and disease makes plantations deadly for Euro’s and N. Am.

Slavery in the Colonies 10 million slaves come to the colonies in 300 years Fatality rates 20% or higher during “Middle Passage” By mid 1680’s slaves outnumber indentured servants Slaves eventually outnumber whites in Carolinas and deep South In South and in the Chesapeake region a new culture emerges as slaves become Af.-Americans in music, religion and language 1712 NYC slave revolt 1739 Stono revolt in SC ZINN – Why didn’t indent.servants and slaves unite against elites? 1740’s slave imports slow

African slavery, inland trade Slavery was widespread in Africa long before Portuguese traders started landing along the continent's western coastline. For centuries African slaves were primarily debtors, criminals, or captives of wars, and slavery was often a temporary condition. Once Europeans came, slaves were permanently removed from Africa, and almost always for lifelong slavery. Europeans who landed at the Gold Coast, or what became known as the "Slave Coast," reached farther and farther into the interior to take larger numbers of Africans into bondage. (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, photo © B.n.F.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Origins of African Slaves http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/5/2/Trans-Atlantic1.jpg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slave ship Slave ship This plan graphically depicts the crowded, unsanitary conditions under which enslaved Africans were packed like cargo and transported across the Atlantic. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Carolinas Founded after Restoration of Charles II 1670 Economy based on Indian Slave Trade Rice Plantations Slaves imported b/c of malaria resistance Port of Charles Town founded Later N. Carolina formed in reaction to elites in VA and SC

http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/civil.html

http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/83savannah/83images/83draw1bh.jpg

Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe, 1733 Philanthropist, pauper’s colony Buffer state with Spanish FL Melting pot of ethnicities

A Festival, painted by a German visitor to Georgia A German visitor to Georgia painted this watercolor of a Yuchi ceremony, which he titled A Festival. The guns hanging inside the shelter were probably acquired from English traders in South Carolina. (Royal Library Copenhagen) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERN MIDDLE SOUTHERN Puritan Religious Freedom Farm & Industry Small Farms Protestant Ethic Slow, but Growing Conflict w/Indians Healthy Climate Exceptions- RI Quaker Rel. Toleration Farms Democratic/Tolerant Good Rel.w/Indian Chesapeake Malarial Exceptions - MD Catholic/Misc. Royal Colonies Cash Crops Plantations Slavery Buffer States/ Punitive Wars Malarial Climate Exceptions- NC