Islam and Geography Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Deserts Only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia Few oases The rest is Desert

Bedouins Nomads who live in the desert Organized into tribes and clans –Clans give security and support since they live in extreme conditions –Defended themselves from other clans who wanted water, grazing territory, livestock or food supplies

Islamic Way of Life Bedouin valued –Courage –Loyalty to family –Warrior skills This would lead to Islamic way of life

Trade Routes Many trade routes connected Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes –Extreme south of the peninsula –To the Byzantine in the north –Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in the east –Transported spices to the west

Mecca Located in Saudi Arabia Important stop on trade routes During holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca and this brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba

Kaaba * Over the years many different gods and spirits were introduced here Had over 360 idols brought by many tribes

The Spread Of Islam 100% Islam Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Crisis Muhammad dies in 632 Muslims now had to find a new leader Muhammad did not name a successor

Solution Muslims chose Abu- Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad He became the first Caliph Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy

Abu-Bakr After Muhammad died some Muslims – Refused to pay taxes – Tried to say they were prophets themselves – Some tribes abandoned Islam In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority.

Muslim State By the time Abu died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Under the next 2 caliphs they took: – Syria – Lower Egypt – Parts of Persia By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

Muslim Troops They were successful because they were – Willing to struggle till the end for Islam – Well disciplined – Expertly commanded Enemies were not used to their style of warfare

Byzantine and Persia The Byzantine and Persia were already weak from long time conflicts The people welcomed Islam

Treatment of Conquered People Muslims were tolerant of conquered people The Quran forbids forceful conversion – They let others keep their religion if they paid a poll tax – People who did not convert were not allowed to spread their own religions

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Internal Conflict The 2 Caliphs after Abu Bakr were assassinated After their assassinations, the elective system of choosing caliphs ended

Umayyads A family that came to power in 661 They set up a hereditary system of getting new leaders. They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus

Umayyads Surrounded themselves with riches Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split.

The Split Muslims split into two groups:

SHI’A Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad

SUNNI This group followed the Umayyad rule and followed Muhammad’s example.

Sufi Another group who reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam They meditated and chanted Focused on the Quran

Muslim Achievement Cultural Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Muslim Architecture

Cultural Diffusion It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural blending can be seen Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic Ideals Islamic Features: –Multi-lobed interwoven arches –Domes –Minarets –Large courtyards

Multi-lobed interwoven arches

Domes

Dome of the Rock Located in Jerusalem Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven

Minarets Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day

Large Courtyards

Mosaics Artwork created using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques

Arabic Alphabet Arabic was first used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam) Written from Right to Left Made up of 28 letters

Calligraphy Art of beautiful handwriting In Islam, showing living things in art was not allowed So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves. Turn to page 247 in books

Universities Muhammad strongly believed in the power of learning –This led to support of places of learning by Muslim Leaders Qualified physicians = treat the sick Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer

Muslim Achievement Part 2 Scientific Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Math Arabic Numbers were adapted from India –Included the number ZERO Led to study of optics which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes

Medical Advances The Comprehensive Book – An encyclopedia of medicine using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge

Science Relied on Scientific observation and experimentation Translated and studied Greek texts

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