The Anglo-Saxon Period A.D.

A Brief History Original inhabitants of what is known as England were the Celts, the original Britons Pagan Much of their history is unknown until later

The First Invasion of the Celts

The Romans... Julius Caesar raided “Britain” in 55 and 54 B.C.

The Romans... Introduced the concept of Christianity

The Roman Rule... Lasted for nearly 300 years During this time, commerce flourished Civilization advanced Roman rule crumbled in the fourth and fifth centuries

The Romans Built Hadrian’s Wall A great fortification running across the island near the Scottish border Built circa 123 A.D. for protection from invading Picts and Scots Nearly 70 miles long

The Second Invasion

The Germanic Invasions According to history, in 449 the first band of people from the North German plain crossed the North Sea and settled in what is now known as Kent. These people were the Jutes from Jutland.

The Germanic Invasion... After the first wave of Jutes came the Angles. Present day England derives its name from the name “Angle- Land.” Known as the “hook-men.”

The Germanic Invasions Following the Jutes and the Angles, the next invaders were the Saxons. Known as the “swords-men.”

The Three Tribes Combined to Create Anglo-Saxon England

What Were the Anglo- Saxons Like? Hearty Athletic Wandering Fierce in personal valor Pagan Sea-Faring Loyal to leader and tribe Ruled by fate called “wyrd”

Believed in the Norse Gods as part of their superstitions and religious beliefs...

Even now, our weekdays are named after their ancient Norse gods... Wednesday for the warlike Woden

Thursday for Thor, the god of thunder

Friday for Frigga, the goddess of love and the home

Anglo-Saxon Lives Divided into tribes and kingdoms Each tribe led by a king or chieftain Followers of these kings were called thanes After hunt and battles, they would gather in a mead hall Entertained by a scop and gleeman Governed themselves democratically Decisions made in meeting called folkmoots- the term now applies a moot point (a question that can be argued)

Anglo-Saxon Chieftain or King

Anglo-Saxon Thane

The Mead Hall

The Scop and Gleeman

As the Anglo-Saxons had no written language, they relied on the following as a means of literary preservation...

The Oral Tradition Defined as a body of songs, stories, and poems preserved by being passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. Often sung by a scop- a traveling storyteller often accompanied by a harp.

Elements of Anglo-Saxon Literature Composed in Old English Each line is divided by a caesura (a natural pause or break in a line of poetry, is essential for rhythm) Incorporates kennings (a metaphorical phrase used to replace a concrete noun) Usually includes a blend of pagan and Christian elements

Old English Text

Anglo-Saxon Literary Terms

Epic Poem A long narrative poem that recounts, in formal language, the exploits of a larger- than-life hero.

Folk Epics Have no certain authorship and arise, usually through storytelling, from the collective experiences of a people. Example: Beowulf

Literary Epics Written down by known authors Example: Paradise Lost by John Milton

Characteristics of Epics begins in “medias res” (in the middle of things) begins with an invocation to a Muse content is concerned with the fate of a nation or a people set on a large scale, ranging around the world

the intervention of supernatural figures extended similes long catalogues (lists) extensive battle scenes stock episodes

Epic Boast A self-admiring speech given by the hero of an epic for the purpose of glorifying himself.

Caesura A natural break in a line of poetry which helps to provide rhythm

Lament A song or poem that expresses grief or regret In its verb form, it means “to cry or grieve.”

Elegy A type of lyric poem which is usually a formal mourning for someone’s death

Archetype An original pattern or model from which all other things of the same kind are made Example: The film was one of the archetypes of the American Western.

Quest A journey one undertakes with the intention of seeking something Example: the Holy Grail

Mead The fermented beverage made of water, honey, malt, and yeast.

Comitaus An agreement between a lord and his thanes in which the thanes swear to protect the lord, while the lord provides protection, wealth, and weapons

Kenning The metaphoric and often creative compound re-naming of an ordinary object Examples: bird’s nest (hair) sea road (ocean)

Ecclesiastical Having to do with the church

Epithet A word or phrase, often disparaging or abusive, which expresses a character trait of someone or something

Vocation A profession that is often seen as a calling by those who carry it out Examples: minister, teacher, fireman, policeman

Since the Anglo-Saxon people had no form of written language in the beginning, they relied on oral tradition to pass down stories and songs.

Motif A theme, character type, image, metaphor, or other verbal element that recurs throughout a single work of literature or occurs in a number of different works over a period of time

Icon This shape can be said to be an “icon” because it is easily associated with the word “Stop”

Beowulf The oldest surviving manuscript in the English language Originally written in Old English An epic poem Composed by unknown source circa 750 A.D. The national epic poem of England

Beowulf A complete epic poem- a long narrative poem about the adventures of a god or hero. Beowulf is a form of a folk epic. Originated as a pagan saga. Most likely written down by a Christian, hence the elements of Christianity. Celebrates the hero's fearless and bloody struggles against monsters and extols courage, honor, and loyalty as the chief virtues in a world of brutal force.

Beowulf’s Essential Characters

Beowulf A high ranked nobleman from Geatland (southern Switzerland) Nephew of Hygelac Typifies Anglo-Saxon ideals of conduct Fights the notorious Grendel

Hrothgar King of the Danes His mead hall, Heorot, is terrorized by Grendel Regards Beowulf as being sent by God

Grendel Descendent of Cain from the book of Genesis Raids Heorot for 12 years

Grendel’s Mother Resides with her son in a cave beneath a lake Not as fierce as Grendel but still a formidable adversary

Dragon Hoards a treasure of gold Ravages Beowulf’s land Mighty adversary of Beowulf

Minor Characters Wealtheow- Hrothgar’s Queen Unferth- Hrothgar’s top thane who feels threatened by Beowulf Wiglaf- loyal thane of Beowul’s