Material Handling and Storage November 8, 2002 1

Objectives Recognize material handling hazards Manual material handling Industrial trucks Conveyors (Cranes will be addressed later) Become familiar with basic methods of controlling these hazards 2

Hazards 600,000 overexertion injuries, 27% of all lost- workday cases 370,000 injuries caused by lifting 93,000 pushing/pulling Strains and sprains from loads that are too heavy or large Fractures , cuts and bruises from improper storage 3

General Work Practices Get help for large loads When blocking a raised load: Keep hands from underneath before releasing load Use blocking materials of adequate strength Look for cracks, splintered pieces, rounded corners, etc. Attach handles or holder to loads PPE Gloves, eye protection, safety boots (for heavy loads) 4

Mechanical Material Handling Do not overload equipment Refer to equipment rated capacity General forklift procedures Center load on forks and close to mast Do not overload Do not add extra weight to counterbalance Travel with load at lowest position 5

Materials Storage Stacked loads correctly piled and cross-tiered Stored material must not create hazard Areas free of accumulated material In buildings, no stored materials within 6 feet of hoist ways or 10 feet of exterior building walls Store non-compatible material separately 6

Materials Storage Employees in silos, hopers or tanks equipped with lifeline and safety harness Bound material stacked, on racks, blocked or interlocked to keep it from sliding, falling or collapsing Don't exceed load capacity for the structure Post load limits Stacking height Mark walls or posts to indicate maximum height 7

Lumber and Brick Storage Maximum stack height 16 feet (manual handling) 20 feet (forklift) Remove nails from used lumber Stacks stable and self-supporting Bricks Maximum 7 feet high Above 4 feet, taper stacks 2 inches per foot 8

Block and Bag Storage Masonry blocks Bags and bundles Above 6 feet , taper stacks 2 block per tier Bags and bundles Stack in interlocking rows Step back at least every 10 layers Remove from top of stack first Keep baled paper and rags at least 10 inches from walls, ceilings, or sprinkler heads 9

Box and Drum Storage Boxed materials Drums, barrels, kegs Hold in place using cross-ties, or shrink plastic Drums, barrels, kegs Stacked symmetrically If stored on side, block bottom tiers to prevent rolling If stacked on ends, use planks, pallets, etc. between each tier Block cylindrical material (bars, poles, etc.) Use bins or shelves for materials that cannot be stacked 10

Manual Lifting Avoid manual lifting when possible Limit vertical lifting (knuckle-to-shoulder height) Be in good physical shape Plan the lifting operation Get a good grip Keep the load close to the body Do not twist or bend sideways Get help for large or heavy loads 11

Manual Lifting Recommendations for specific tasks Grasp opposite corners on boxes, cartons & sacks Use mechanical assistance for barrels and drums Wear leather gloves when handling sheet metal Plate glass Carry with bottom edge in gloved palm, other hand on top edge Never carry plate glass under the arm Use a team for long objects 12

2-wheeled hand trucks Tip load forward and slip tongue underneath Keep center of gravity low Let the truck carry the load - don't lean it too far Walk forward - keep load height low enough to see Secure bulky items to the truck Use specialty equipment Drums Appliances 13

Conveyers Hazards Nip points (rollers, near frame) Material may fall from conveyor Persons may be caught in the conveyor Controls Emergency stop button or pull cord Must be reset after use Never ride on conveyor Guards over aisles or work areas Screw conveyors covered, interlocked 14

Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts) 100 annual deaths, 95,000 injured Cause of fatality: 42% crushed by vehicle tipping 25% crushed between vehicle and surface 11% crushed between two vehicles 10% struck or run over by vehicle 8% struck by falling material 4% fall from platform or forks 2% accidental activation of controls 15

Forklift Fatalities, 1992-1996 120 114 95 89 86 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Industries Where Powered Industrial Truck Accidents Occurred

Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts) ANSI Approved Identifying label Owner modification Only with mfg. Approval New label required Front-end attachments Should have new label 18

Classes of forklifts Class 1CElectric Motor, Sit-down Rider, Counter-Balanced Trucks (Solid and Pneumatic Tires) Class 2CElectric Motor Narrow Aisle Trucks (Solid Tires) Class 3CElectric Motor Hand Trucks or Hand/Rider Trucks (Solid Tires) Class 4CInternal Combustion Engine Trucks (Solid Tires) class 5CInternal Combustion Engine Trucks (Pneumatic Tires) Class 6CElectric and Internal Combustion Engine Tractors (Solid and Pneumatic Tires) Class 7CRough Terrain Forklift Trucks (Pneumatic Tires) 19

Trucks for Hazardous Locations D--Diesel , minimum safeguards against fire hazards DS--Diesel-powered with additional safeguards DY--Diesel-powered, no electrical equipment E--Electrically powered, minimum safeguards ES--additional safeguards EE--completely enclosed electrical equipment EX--for atmospheres with flammable vapors or dusts G--Gasoline-powered with minimum safeguards GS--additional safeguards LP--similar to the G, but liquefied petroleum gas fuel LPS-- additional safeguards 20

Hazardous Examples OSHA specifies which type of truck is acceptable for hazardous locations: Examples Flammable gases or liquids handled, but contained DS, EE, EX only Suspended combustible dusts EX only 21

Powered Industrial Truck Safety Fuel - liquid or gas Handled in accord with NFPA standards Batteries Specially designated battery charging area Spill control, fire protection, ventilation, etc. Mechanical battery handling equipment No smoking Trucks and Railroad cars Brakes set, wheel chocks (trucks) Wheel stops (railroad cars) 22

Powered Industrial Truck Operation Never drive toward a person standing in front of a fixed object No person under any elevated portion Do not place arms or legs in the mast or outside the truck Unattended trucks must be shut off with lowered load Set brakes and wheel blocks when loading vehicles (trucks, rail cars, etc.) Maintain headroom under lights, sprinkler systems, etc. Use overhead guard to protect from falling objects Use load backrest when necessary 23

Powered Industrial Truck Operation Cross railroad tacks on the diagonal Sound horn at blind intersections Back down ramps, drive forward up ramps Operate at safe speed, avoid quick turns Personnel on loading platform must have an emergency shut- off for truck power Secure dockboards and bridge plates Loads must be stable and safely arranged Disconnect battery before repairing electrical system Replacement parts must be equivalent to original 24

Forklift Training New OSHA standard, 1919.178(l) OSHA specified topics Effective March 1, 1999 - training required by Dec. 1, 1999 OSHA specified topics Stability, operation, etc. Formal training program Initial training before use Refresher training (based on observations) Employer must certify 25

Forklift Training Stability Triangle: Vehicle Center of Gravity (Unloaded) B A Center of Gravity of Vehicle and Maximum Load (Theoretical) C Notes: 1. When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity (CG) shifts toward line B-C. Theoretically the maximum load will result in the CG at the line B-C. In actual practice, the combined CG should never be at line B-C. 2. The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck CG to shift toward point A and result in a truck that is less stable laterally. 26

Forklift Training Stability Triangle Load CG Load CG Vertical Line (Line of Action) Combined CG Combined CG Vertical Stability Line (Line of Action) Truck CG Truck CG This vehicle is unstable and will continue to tip over The vehicle is stable 27