Internment of Japanese World War II At Home

Precursors to Internment 1910s and 1920s: Quotas and laws restrict immigration Aug. 1941: U.S. Rep. Charles Dingell suggests incarcerating Japanese Amer. Nov. 1941: FBI raids So. Calif businesses of Japanese-Americans Dec. 7, 1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 8, 1941: FBI made arrests in Hawaii & mainland

Executive Order 9066 Issued by FDR, February 19, 1942 Forcibly round-up 120,000 people of Japanese descent Issei, 1 st Generation Japanese Americans 60% U.S. citizens 1/3 under age of 19 Evacuations on West Coast but not Hawaii

EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 February 19, 1942 Whereas, the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises and national defense utilities as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, …. Now therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War…, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he … may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any persons to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restriction the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion.

The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. 9066

Headlines of Evacuation JAPANESE ON WEST COAST FACE WHOLESALE UPROOTING PLEA MADE FOR ‘LOYAL’ ALIENS FBI ROUNDS UP MORE JAPANESE

Relocation Camps 10 in Arizona, California, Idaho, Colorado, Arkansas, Utah, Wyoming California: Tule Lake (Northeast Calif) California: Manzanar (South Eastern sierras) –**Examine map and answer questions

Primary Source: Mary Tsukamoto Which quote best shows her dismay about being relocated? What are three details from the account that reveal the patriotism of some Japanese Americans? Why does Tsukamoto feel it is important to tell this story?

Layout of Camp

Carving clubs for camp police.

Educated to be A nurse.

" In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort." - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.

Processing People… Families provided with numbered tags In some case 48 hour notice Only belongings they could carry Either had to sell businesses and homes or abandon

Court Cases Hirabyashi v. United States upheld constitutionality of curfew and exclusion orders Korematsu v. United States upheld constitutionality of other laws associated w/ Order 9066.

Treated Like Enemies Uprisings within camps treated harshly Had to take loyalty oaths Nisei were ineligible to serve in war until Land transferred to other operators by government

Japanese-Americans Fight Back Court Cases Uprisings Dissent Sit-down Strikes

Consider Multiple Perspectives In what ways did the government attempt to provide positive experiences despite the dire situation? What do you think the negative effects of internment were?