States of Matter Chapter 6 Page 154

Standards we are covering SPI Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different states of matter.

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate. If something is underlined… it is a note and is expected to be in your Science notebook.

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate. -Example of indent.

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics

What is matter? Matter – Anything has mass and takes up space (volume). The term matter describes all of the physical substances around us: your desk, your body, a pencil, water, and so forth. All matter has energy… some forms of matter have more than others…

Matter Matter – Anything has mass and takes up space (touch- ability).

The Four States of Matter  There are four states of matter. They are:  Solids: Table, Wall, Chair, Desk, etc.  Liquids: Water, Mountain Dew, Coke

4 States of Matter  Gases: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Propane, Natural Gas  Plasma: Lightning, Stars, Comet Tails, Fireballs made by Nuclear Weapons

First Phase of Matter - Solids  Solids are packed very close together in a definite shape, volume, and structure.  These atoms/molecules have low energy because the molecules vibrate slightly in place.  These atoms/molecules have a high density because they are packed tightly together in a pattern.

Solids  The particles are close together and vibrate. They do move but not very far… It’s hard to build up any force when you can’t move… so energy stays low in solids.  A solid does not take the shape of a container in which it is placed.

2 Different Types of Solids  Crystalline – Have patterns in their atoms.  Amorphous – Is still a solid, but no particular arrangement.

Characteristics of Solids  Solids…. …have a very high density. …have low energy (because they can hardly move). …don’t take the shape of a container when they are placed in a container. …have particles in them that are close together and vibrate. …are matter with a definite shape and volume.

Second Phase of Matter - Liquid  Liquids: Molecules not as close together as solids, but still have an attraction to each other.  Liquids have no definite structure this means they will take the shape of whatever container they are put in.

Phase of Matter - Liquid  Liquids have more energy than solids because their atoms/molecules move around more.  Liquids have a lower density than solids but a higher density than gases.

Liquid  A liquid is matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.  Liquid takes the shape of the container you place it in.

Liquid  The volume of a liquid, however, is the same no matter what the shape of the container.  Particles are further apart, and can move freely.  More energy than a solid, less than a gas.

Viscosity  A liquid’s resistance to flow is known as the liquid’s viscosity.  The slower a liquid flows, the higher its viscosity is.  For many liquids, viscosity increases as the liquid becomes colder.

Surface Tension Surface Tension – A force in liquids that allows it to resist items of light weight.

Characteristics of Liquids  Liquids … ….have molecules not as close together as solids. ….have more energy than solids because their atoms/molecules are allowed to move around more. ….have a lower density then solids, but a higher density than gases. ….will take the shape of whatever container they are put in.

More Characteristics of Liquids  Liquids … … have surface tensions. ○ Surface Tension – A force in liquids that allows it to resist items not as dense as the liquid. … are subject to viscosity. ○ Viscosity – A liquid’s resistance / friction to flow.

So far…  Solids Low energy because particles are so close together. High density – because particles are close together. Won’t take the shape of what you put it in. – Fixed Shape  Add heat to get a liquid.  Liquids Higher energy than solids because there is some room to move around. Lower density than solids. Will take the shape of whatever you put it in.  Add heat to get a gas.

Third Phase of Matter - Gas  Gas: Molecules spaced very far apart from each other.  Gas molecules do not have a definite structure. They will take the structure or shape of their surroundings.  Gas molecules have lots of energy. They are constantly moving around and bumping into each other. (Diffusion)

Phase of Matter - Gas  Because gas particles have more room in- between them they can transfer energy as they collide with one another. (Sound Energy)  Gas particles have a low density because they are not packed very close to one another.

Gas  Gas is matter that does not have a definite shape or volume.  The particles in gas are much farther apart than those in a liquid or solid.  Gas particles move at high speeds in all directions.

Volume  A measure of size in 3 dimensions. Length Width Height.

Pressure  The amount of force put on an area…  A characteristic of a gas is that he can be pressurized… Basketball Football Tires

Boyle’s Law  When you place pressure on a gas… the volume decreases by the same amount that you put pressure

Charles’s Law  The volume of the gas depends on the temperature. Tires getting deflated in winter…

Vapor  Matter that exists in the gas state but is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature is called vapor.  Water, for example, is a liquid at room temperature. Thus, water vapor is the term for the gas state of water. Picture from =0 =0

Characteristics of Gases  Gases … do not have a definite shape or volume. … are high energy because they can move around a lot. … have molecules that are very far apart unlike liquids and solids. … have a very low density because they aren’t packed in together. …move at high speeds and in all directions.

Fourth Phase of Matter - Plasma  Plasma: Molecules have very high energy. These molecules are moving around rapidly.  Very rare state of matter. Lightning, stars, really hot fire, etc. are made up of plasma.

Plasma Characteristics  Plasma …molecules have an incredibly high energy. …consist of items such as stars, lightning, and other highly explosive elements.

Adding and taking away…  When you add energy/heat to matter the particles move faster and the matter expands. Solids -> Liquids -> Gases  When you take away energy/heat from matter the particles move slower and the matter contracts. Gases - > Liquids -> Solids

Temperature  Temperature can affect how the particles in a state of matter move.  The higher the temperature, the more active the particles are.

Energy and the Motion of Molecules  Molecules in a solid are tightly packed together. There is very little movement but there is some.  Molecules in a liquid are packed closely together so they can flow.  Molecules in a gas are much further apart.

Shape when put into a container  Solids do not take the shape of the container they are put in.  Liquids and Gases assumes the shape of the container that they are placed in.

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for the states of matter. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Kinetic Molecular Theory. Learn More:

 Based on the video, which is a solid, liquid, and gas.

Phase Change  A phase change is when you go from one state of matter to another.  Phase changes usually occur because you are either adding energy to a system and therefore causing the molecules to speed up or you are taking energy away from a system and causing molecules to slow down.  If I go from a solid to a liquid are the molecules gaining energy or losing energy?

Phase Change - Melting  Melting: Going from a solid to a liquid.  The molecules are gaining more energy as they speed up.  Examples: Snowman melting and an ice cube melting in your Mountain Dew making it taste watery.

Phase Change - Evaporation  Evaporation: Matter goes from a liquid to a gas.  Molecules speed up even more. They are less dense because there is more space in between them.  Example: Puddle of water forms after it rains but eventually it evaporates into moisture in the air.

Phases Changes - Sublimation  Material goes directly from a solid to a gas and skips the liquid phase.  Sublimation occurs when really cold areas heat up quickly.  Example: Dry Ice or snow sublimating on a mountain top.

Phase Changes-Condensation  Condensation: Material goes from a gas to a liquid.  The molecules are slowing down and therefore losing energy.  Think about condensation on a glass. Warm air particles in the gas phase come in contact with a cold substance. The cold substance causes the air particles to slow down or lose energy and therefore condense into a liquid.

Phase Changes - Freezing  Freezing: Going from a liquid to a solid.  The molecules are losing energy and becoming more dense.  Examples: Putting ice in the freezer. Frozen frost on the ground when you wake up in the morning.

Phase Changes - Deposition  Going directly from a gas to a solid this skips the liquid phase.  Molecules rapidly slow down and increase in density.  Example: Water particles in the air being frozen directly onto a car window forming a solid sheet of ice.

Phase Change Diagram

 Video Link! (Optional) Khan Academy,  States of Matter (Advanced) matter?playlist=Chemistry matter?playlist=Chemistry

 Video Short! The three states of matter. A good review before the quiz.

What makes up all of this “matter”? All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter, just like bricks are the building blocks of houses.

ASSESSMENT

TCAP Question Julie is learning about the states of matter by going through her home and identifying different states of matter. She should identify her shampoo as a:  plasma.  gas.  liquid.  solid.

TCAP Question Based on the behavior of matter, which of these would take the shape of the open container it was placed in?  Solid  Liquid  Gas  Plasma

TCAP Question A piece of chocolate is left in a hot car. What process causes the chocolate to become soft?  Condensation  Vaporization  Freezing  Melting

TCAP Question Condensation happens when a gas changes into a liquid. Which of these is an example of condensation?  water vapor turning to rain  water vapor turning to snow  a pond melting in the spring  a pond freezing in the winter

TCAP Question What determines a material’s state of matter?  viscosity and density of the particles  the arrangement of particles into a cube  the motion of particles and the strength of attraction between them  the surface tension of the particles

TCAP Question Which of the following is NOT an example of matter?  Water  Sunlight  Air  Wood

TCAP Question Arrange the states of matter from the least amount of energy to the most amount of energy.  Liquids  Gases  Solids

TCAP Question Arrange the states of matter from the least amount of particle movement to the most amount of particle movement.  Liquids  Gases  Solids

TCAP Question Which item has the least amount of viscosity?  Water  Corn Syrup  Honey  Motor Oil