Body Systems Alexis Wynn Pre-ap Biology Mr.Walters 6 th Period February 13,2009

Table of Content Skeletal Muscular Integumentary Circulatory Respiratory Immune Digestive Excretory Nervous Endocrine reproductive

Skeletal The human skeleton is composed of the axial skeleton( skull, ribs, spine, and sternum) and the appendicular skeleton(arms and legs, scapula, clavicle, and pelvis) The human skeleton has three types of joints: fixed joints, semimovable joints, and movable joints. The joints can be affected by a disease called arthritis. Bones support muscles, gives structure to the body, protects organs, store minerals, and make blood cells. Bones are made up of minerals, protein fibers, and cells. most bones develop from cartilage through a process called ossification. Fractures(disorder)

Muscular The largest system in our body which structures and supports our trunks and limbs with movement.also moves the muscles move throughout the body.

Integumentary The integumentary system is made up of skin, hair, and nails. Skin, hair, and nails act as a barrier to protect the body from environment. Skin is composed of two layers, which are the epidermis and the dermis. Hair and nails are composed of the protein keratin; they grow from a root of rapidly dividing cells. Sweat glands produce sweat, which cools down the body. Oil glands secrete sebum, which soften the skin. If the ducts of oil glands become clogged with excessive amounts of sebum, dead cells, and bacteria, the skin disorder acne can result

Circulatory The human circulatory system is made up of the cardiovascular system(blood, heart, and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through an intricate network of blood vessels. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Materials are exchanged at the capillaries. Veins contain valves and carry blood back to the heart In pulmonary circulation, blood travels between the heart and lungs. In systemic circulation, blood travels between the heart and all other body tissues. The lymphatic system returns lymph, fluid that has collected in the tissue, to the bloodstream. Bronchitis (disease)

Respiratory External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body. The lungs are the site of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood. Air enters the mouth or nose, passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and into alveoli. A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus. All exchange of gases in the lungs occurs at the alveoli. The rate of breathing is controlled by the nerve center in the brain that monitor the level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Immune The immune system consists of the cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substance in the body. The reaction of the body against an antigen is called an immune response. An immune response is a two-part assault on a pathogen: the cell- mediated immune response and humoral immune response. Allergies can trigger asthma, a respiratory disorder that causes the bronchioles to narrow. An autoimmune disease is a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells. Cancer(disease)

Digestive Mechanically digestion involves the breaking of food into smaller particles. Chemical digestion involves changing the chemical nature of the food substance. The mouth, teeth and tongue initiate mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. The large intestine absorbs water from the undigested mass. The undigested mass is eliminated as feces through the anus.

Excretory Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes form the body. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys. Through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, they remove wastes and nutrients and water to the blood. The large intestine absorbs water from the undigested mass. The undigested mass as feces through the anus.

Nervous The nervous system has two divisions-the central nervous system(CNS) and peripheral nervous system(PNS). The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles and is under voluntary control. The automatic nervous system controls internal body conditions.

Endocrine Controls the body regulates your metabolism control our mineral and water balance Control of growth reproduction and behavior

Reproductive Allow the human species to continue in male and female Male manufacture sperm and transport it it the females reproductive track fertilization occurs in the female and the system is design to mature