Cells & Systems Review 2009 Exam Review

Cells & Systems CELL THEORY Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow ALL living things are made from CELLS CELLS come from preexisting cells (you can’t make them) CELLS are the basic unit of structure and function The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of all of its CELLS!

Cells & Systems Living Organisms Must: Grow Repair themselves Obtain energy (and nutrients) Remove wastes Respond to the environment Reproduce DIE - Finite lifespan

Cells & Systems Important People and Contributions Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a microscope Robert Hook - created the term “cell” Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell theory Invention of more powerful tools: compound light microscopes – electron microscopes – computers & MRIs – dissections etc.

Cells & Systems PLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS Both have: Nucleii Cell membrane Vacuoles Endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondria only PLANTS have: Chloroplasts Cell wall

Cells & Systems Transport of nutrients and wastes PASSIVE TRANSPORT Requires NO energy “downhill” (H → L) OSMOSIS – diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane SMALL molecules ACTIVE TRANSPORT Requires energy input Can go “uphill” Often uses CARRIER PROTEINS” – special gate like structures SMALL or LARGE molecules

The Main Points DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS UNICELLULAR Single cells - microscopic No specialization – must do all life functions Live in water, soils, air Include: BACTERIA - Monera PROTISTS – Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, etc. MULTICELLULAR 2 or more cells working together Can specialize – perform certain functions well Organisms can be larger Live in all environments Plants, animals, fungi

Cells & Systems Specialization Cellular organization Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organisms Example: Cell – epithelial tissue – skin – integumentary system - human

Cells & Systems Specialization Multicellular Organisims Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to and from ALL cells RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O 2 in; CO 2 out)

Cells & Systems Specialization Multicellular Organisims Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to ALL cells RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O 2 in; CO 2 out)

Cells & Systems HEART CIRCULATION 4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles Major Blood vessels: VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring deoxygenated blood back to heart from body AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends oxygenated blood to body PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) – sends from heart to lungs PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends from lungs to heart

The Main Points Label the parts of the heart:

The Main Points Aorta Pulmonary Artery L. Atrium R. Atrium Valve P. Vein R. Ventricle Vena Cava Valve L. Ventricle Septum

The Main Points A figure 8 circulation pattern: R. ATRIUM R. VENTRICLE L. ATRIUM L. VENTRICLE bodylungs Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Aorta

Cells & Systems Blood vessels ARTERIES – move blood AWAY from Heart ROUND & THICK UNDER LOTS OF PRESSURE No valves MOST ARE OXYGENATED VEINS – move blood INTO Heart Flatter & thinner UNDER some OF PRESSURE MOST ARE DEOXYGENATED Have VALVES to keep blood moving toward heart

Cells & Systems Blood vessels Capillaries Smallest of the blood vessels Connect arteries & veins Bring nutrients and O 2 to EVERY Cell in the body REMOVE wastes (CO 2, urea) from all cells

The Main Points: Blood Components Plasma – mostly water – largest amount, carries sugar, CO 2 carries the blood cells RBCs – carry oxygen WBCs – fight infection Platelets – clot blood (form scabs etc.)

The Main Points: EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE Cells undergo RESPIRATION to produce energy This reaction requires O 2 which makes breathing and heart rate increase when you exercise This also speeds up the removal of wastes produced! RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm

Cells & Systems: THE DEFENCE SYSTEM PRIMARY Blocks germs from entering the body Saliva - mouth Earwax - ears Mucous - respiratory Cilia - respiratory Tears – eyes Skin - body SECONDARY Inside the body Kill germs that get by the primary WBC – kill bacteria Lymphatic system Antibodies

The Main Points: Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM Eat Healthy Exercise Don’t Smoke Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep Drink lots of water

The Main Points: Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight maintenance, exercise Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol, eat well, exercise Stroke – lower stress, low salt, exercise Leukemia – may be genetic, may be caused by exposure to chemicals

Cells & Systems: Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM Science has helped us: Vaccines – dead, weakened forms of germs help us produce antibodies. Antibiotics – help us defeat infections