The Census of Marine Life and NOAA A Presentation to the NOAA Science Advisory Board Andrew A. Rosenberg, Ph.D. Professor of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire U.S. National Committee Chair March 12, 2008

Purpose 1)Introduce Science Advisory Board members to the work of the Census of Marine Life 2)Relate the Census to the ongoing work of NOAA 3)Explore the potential of NOAA as a home for the Census after 2010.

Census of Marine Life The first Census of Marine Life is a decade-long research program to assess and explain the diversity, distribution & abundance of marine life - past, present & future All ocean realms: Nearshore to Abyss All taxa: Marine Microbes to Mammals Major integrative reports at conclusion in scientists in 80 countries

CoML is uniquely diverse in scope Discovering new species (5,300 since 2003) Finding 20,000 kinds of bacteria in a single liter of sea water Identifying over 50,000 seamounts, sampling 325 DNA bar-coding on a ship at sea new ship-based sonar technology mapping fish schools Discovered the hottest hydrothermal vent ever recorded (407 ˚C) A comprehensive list of species in the Gulf of Maine – 3,317 species Establishing ‘listening curtains’ to track animal migrations from Alaska to Baja, California Placing sensors on large animals like elephant seals to collect oceanographic data

CoML Components Grand Challenge Questions Oceans Past What did live in the oceans? History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) Oceans Present What does live in the oceans? Ocean Realm Field Projects Oceans Future What will live in the oceans? Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Web-based provider of global geo-referenced information on marine species

Ocean Realm Projects NaGISA - Natural Geography In Shore Areas NaGISA - Natural Geography In Shore Areas CReefs - Coral Reef Ecosystems CReefs - Coral Reef Ecosystems GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area Census (Regional Ecosystem) GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area Census (Regional Ecosystem) POST - Pacific Ocean Shelf TrackingPOST - Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking TOPP - Tagging of Pacific Predators (Top Predators)TOPP - Tagging of Pacific Predators (Top Predators) CMarZ - Census of Marine Zooplankton CMarZ - Census of Marine Zooplankton MAR-ECO - Mid-Atlantic Ridge EcosystemsMAR-ECO - Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems CoMargE - Continental Margins Ecosystems CoMargE - Continental Margins Ecosystems CeDAMar - Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life CeDAMar - Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life CenSeam - Census of Seamounts CenSeam - Census of Seamounts ChEss - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (Vents) ChEss - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (Vents) ArcOD - Arctic Ocean Diversity ArcOD - Arctic Ocean Diversity CAML - Census of Antarctic Marine Life CAML - Census of Antarctic Marine Life ICOMM - International Census of Marine Microbes ICOMM - International Census of Marine Microbes Human Edges Central Waters Hidden Boundaries Ice Oceans Microscopic Ocean

OBIS Interactive Website

Oceans Past: HMAP What Lived in the Oceans? Cod Biomass Scotian Shelf Now <1% Decline of World’s Estuaries and Coastal Seas Has Accelerated in Last Years Salem Beverly Ship Logs 150 Year Old Cod Fishery HMAP

Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services Worm et al. Science, 3 November 2006 Loss of biodiversity profoundly reducing the ocean’s ability to produce seafood, resist diseases, filter pollutants, and rebound from overfishing, climate change Oceans Future: FMAP What Will Live in the Oceans?

Nearshore: NaGISA Natural Geography of Inshore Areas Global Biodiversity Baseline Standard Protocol available online

Census of Coral Reefs: CReefs Cruise to French Frigate Shoals [NW HI NM]: Over 100 possible new species & species unknown in Shoals!

Regional Ecosystem: GoMA Gulf of Maine Area Program First extensive count of species in the region: 3,317 species or ~50% more than previously estimated by scientists October 2006 Georges Bank Continental Shelf scale acoustic fish detection

Continental Shelf: POST Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Lines of receivers create coastal “curtains” across shelf Tagged animal crosses curtain and the occurrence is recorded in receiver

Blue bars: # benthic cruises Purple bars: # submersible or ROV dives Continental Margins: COMARGE Deep-sea realm between ~ m depth NOAA OE Expedition to the Deep Slope May 7 - June 2, 2006 AquaPix, Bob Carney First systematic exploration of hydrocarbon seep communities deeper than 1000m in the GoM

Census of Marine Zooplankton: CMarZ ~6,800 described species of marine metazoan and protozoan holozooplankton – and likely many new discovered by 2010 – and likely many new discovered by 2010 Taxonomically comprehensive Taxonomically comprehensive Global-scale Global-scale Accurate & complete info on species diversity, biomass and biogeographical distributions Accurate & complete info on species diversity, biomass and biogeographical distributionswww.cmarz.org Exploring the Deep Sargasso Sea April 2006 At-sea DNA sequencing!

Seamounts: CenSeam New species of “Jurassic” shrimp, Neoglyphea neocaledonica, believed to be extinct 50 million years ago. Bertrand Richer de Forges Seamount – an isolated elevation rising 1000m (1km) or more from the seafloor and of limited extent across the summit Seamount biodiversity is poorly known [MSFCA 2006]

Ice Oceans – Arctic and Antarctic ArcOD and CAML CAML leading Antarctic Biodiversity under International Polar Year (IPY) ArcOD leading Arctic Biodiversity under International Polar Year (IPY), coordinating 19 international independent research teams arcdiv/index.html

Microscopic Ocean: ICOMM icomm.mbl.edu Marine microbes… Diversity Diversity Evolution Evolution Biogeography Biogeography Functional roles Functional roles 20,000+ Kinds of Bacteria Found in 1 Liter of Seawater 454 “tag” sequencing reveals marine microbial diversity may be 10 to 100 times more than expected PNAS, 31July 2006

CoML Projects in the United States Gulf of Maine Project The US National Committee supports activities of these projects located throughout the US

US CoML Funding The Census of Marine Life initially a ten year program from The Census of Marine Life initially a ten year program from Sloan Foundation main driver behind the CoML Program, pulling support in 2010Sloan Foundation main driver behind the CoML Program, pulling support in 2010 Only ¼ of total CoML funding comes from the Sloan Foundation Only ¼ of total CoML funding comes from the Sloan Foundation Over 150 million in funding comes from the United States Over 150 million in funding comes from the United States Average of 33 Million in NEW US funding to CoML efforts each of the last 4 years Average of 33 Million in NEW US funding to CoML efforts each of the last 4 years Funding from a US Source USA $152M Funding to US Activities USA $123M US Government Funding NOAA $25M NSF $33M ONR $6M Other Agencies $7M TOTAL US Government$71M US Private Funding Sloan $60M Other Foundation $21M TOTAL US Private$81M

Biodiversity Workshop- Results and Conclusions What Do We Measure, Why, and How? Biodiversity relates to ecosystem services and resilience Biodiversity relates to ecosystem services and resilience Biodiversity conservation relates to ecosystem-based management Biodiversity conservation relates to ecosystem-based management Biodiversity indicators can be integrative measures of ecosystem change Biodiversity indicators can be integrative measures of ecosystem change Sponsored By:

Objective: To demonstrate the importance of incorporating biological data, into the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). Ocean Observing Workshop- Results and Conclusions Data standards; accessibility; Sampling protocols; interoperability; applications 5 Major Themes: MARMAP, SEAMAP, CalCOFI, EPA Water Quality, Fisheries Surveys, USGS Surveys, Sea Bird/ Marine Mammal Surveys, MPA Center Target Data Sets:

Promote CoML and the value of biodiversity Challenges:  Sustaining the US CoML program beyond 2010  Developing an OBIS to support US science, management and education needs CoML in the United States CoML projects are relevant to: Sustainable Fisheries Marine Protected Areas Habitat Loss and Pollution Environmental Assessments Invasive Species Endangered Species UN Convention on Biodiversity Global Climate Change

NOAA’s Mission:  Monitor the state of the oceans  Integrated Earth observing system and data management system  Assessments and forecasts of coastal and marine ecosystems  Ocean exploration:  Capacity building and effective knowledge transfer CoML and NOAA Partnerships and Relevance CoML Capability:  Sample and estimate marine biodiversity from coastal to deep sea environments  Developing new tools for coastal and ocean observation (DNA barcode library, animals as oceanographers, etc.)  Past, present and future assessments of species distributions and abundance  Exploring unknown ocean regions and biodiversity hotspots  Building taxonomic expertise, public awareness, and appreciation for marine biodiversity

A NOAA – COML Relationship Incorporate OBIS into NOAA as a permanent home of a marine biodiversity data service Utilize the COML research and field projects as a basis for helping meet NOAA mission components [Code of Conduct for Sample Collection] Utilize COML as part of education and outreach for NOAA

Issue Action: To form a subcommittee to work with the US National Committee for the Census to assess and figure out how to establish and carry forward the Census in support of NOAA's mission beyond 2010.