C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 1 THE ROARING TWENTIES ( ) Section 1: Prohibition America Section 2: A Changing Population Section 3: America at Play Section 4: The Arts Chapter 13

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 2 OBJECTIVES What social changes occurred in the lives of young Americans after World War I? What social changes occurred in the lives of young Americans after World War I? What led to prohibition, and how did Americans respond? What led to prohibition, and how did Americans respond? What issues united Protestant groups in the 1920’s, and what issues divided them? What issues united Protestant groups in the 1920’s, and what issues divided them? Section 1: Prohibition America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 3 Young Americans and Social Changes After World War I As more children attended school, the lives of many young Americans changed. As more children attended school, the lives of many young Americans changed. High schools offered a wider range of courses and new extracurricular activities. High schools offered a wider range of courses and new extracurricular activities. Technology, such as radio broadcasts and the automobile, changed teenagers’ lives. Technology, such as radio broadcasts and the automobile, changed teenagers’ lives. Section 1: Prohibition America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 4 Young Americans and Social Changes After World War I Many young Americans broke away from the traditional dress and behavior and some women became flappers – young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior. Many young Americans broke away from the traditional dress and behavior and some women became flappers – young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior. Section 1: Prohibition America (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 5 Debate Over Alcohol Urban and rural Americans disagreed over prohibition – the banning of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. Urban and rural Americans disagreed over prohibition – the banning of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. Groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union claimed that alcohol led to crime, poverty, and the breakup of families. Groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union claimed that alcohol led to crime, poverty, and the breakup of families. By 1917, liquor sales had been banned in 19 states. By 1917, liquor sales had been banned in 19 states. WWI and anti-German feelings tipped popular support in favor of prohibition. WWI and anti-German feelings tipped popular support in favor of prohibition. Section 1: Prohibition America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 6 Debate Over Alcohol Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment in December Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment in December Alcohol related crimes and problems developed such as bootlegging and speakeasies – secret illegal clubs that served alcohol. Alcohol related crimes and problems developed such as bootlegging and speakeasies – secret illegal clubs that served alcohol. Eighteenth Amendment – Constitutional amendment that outlawed the Production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. Section 1: Prohibition America (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 7 Protestants and Issues There were issues that the Protestants agreed and disagreed upon. Protestant groups agreed on prohibition. Protestant groups agreed on prohibition. Protestants groups were divided on: Protestants groups were divided on: how to read the Bible which led to the modernist versus the fundamentalist views how to read the Bible which led to the modernist versus the fundamentalist views Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the biblical account of creation Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the biblical account of creation Section 1: Prohibition America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 8 The Scopes Trial (1925) John T. Scopes, a high school science teacher who was arrested in Dayton, Tennessee, and tried for teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution. Section 1: Prohibition America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 9 OBJECTIVES. How did nativism affect immigration after World War I? How did nativism affect immigration after World War I? What problems did minority groups face in the 1920’s, and how did they respond to these problems? What problems did minority groups face in the 1920’s, and how did they respond to these problems? How did women’s political opportunities change during the 1920’s? How did women’s political opportunities change during the 1920’s? Section 2: A Changing Population

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 10 Nativism and Immigration Following WWI a wave of nativism, or strong anti- immigrant feeling, swept the country. Following WWI a wave of nativism, or strong anti- immigrant feeling, swept the country. Anti-immigrant issues led to the Immigration Act of 1924 – legislation that blocked Japanese immigration and set quotas for other nations based on the 1890 census; favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. Anti-immigrant issues led to the Immigration Act of 1924 – legislation that blocked Japanese immigration and set quotas for other nations based on the 1890 census; favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. Growing dislike of immigrants helped bring about the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan. Growing dislike of immigrants helped bring about the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan. Section 2: A Changing Population

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 11 Minorities Challenge Discrimination African Americans faced job discrimination and the threat of violence in the Great Migration – mass migration of some 500,000 African Americans to mid-western and northern U.S. cities during and after WWI. African Americans faced job discrimination and the threat of violence in the Great Migration – mass migration of some 500,000 African Americans to mid-western and northern U.S. cities during and after WWI. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called attention to discrimination through the courts and writings. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called attention to discrimination through the courts and writings. Section 2: A Changing Population

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 12 Minorities Challenge Discrimination Marcus Garvey organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the U.S. and supported Black Nationalism. Marcus Garvey organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the U.S. and supported Black Nationalism. Mexican Americans faced job discrimination and economic problems. Mexican Americans faced job discrimination and economic problems. Section 2: A Changing Population (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 13 Minorities Challenge Discrimination American Indians suffered economic difficulties and social discrimination. American Indians suffered economic difficulties and social discrimination. American Indians could not vote because they were not U.S. citizens. This led to the Indian Citizenship Act (June 1924) – which gave all them the legal right to vote. American Indians could not vote because they were not U.S. citizens. This led to the Indian Citizenship Act (June 1924) – which gave all them the legal right to vote. Section 2: A Changing Population (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 14 Politics and Women in the 1920’s In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment allowed women to have a direct effect on national politics and to become political leaders. In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment allowed women to have a direct effect on national politics and to become political leaders. In 1924 Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first woman governor. In 1924 Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first woman governor. In December 1923 the National Woman’s Party (NWP) proposed a new Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. In December 1923 the National Woman’s Party (NWP) proposed a new Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. Section 2: A Changing Population

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 15 OBJECTIVES. How did the mass media, movies, and radio, affect American culture? How did the mass media, movies, and radio, affect American culture? What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920’s? What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920’s? Who were the new celebrities of the 1920’s, and how did Americans respond to them? Who were the new celebrities of the 1920’s, and how did Americans respond to them? Section 3: America at Play

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 16 Mass Media, Movies, Radio, and American Culture Mass media helped the development and spread of fads. Mass media helped the development and spread of fads. Across the country, people read the same magazine and newspaper articles and viewed the same advertisements. Across the country, people read the same magazine and newspaper articles and viewed the same advertisements. By 1929 there were radios in more than 10 million households broadcasting music, news, and sports. By 1929 there were radios in more than 10 million households broadcasting music, news, and sports. Section 3: America at Play

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 17 Mass Media, Movies, Radio, and American Culture While cultural differences remained, these shared experiences helped bridge the gap. While cultural differences remained, these shared experiences helped bridge the gap. By 1928 there were some 20,000 movie theaters in the U.S. and 80 million Americans went to the movie each week. By 1928 there were some 20,000 movie theaters in the U.S. and 80 million Americans went to the movie each week. Section 3: America at Play (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 18 Popular Forms of Entertainment in the 1920’s Movies, especially talkies – movies with music or dialogue – thrilled Americans. Movies, especially talkies – movies with music or dialogue – thrilled Americans. Americans enjoyed organized sports on the college and professional level. Americans enjoyed organized sports on the college and professional level. Professional athletes like George “Babe” Ruth were admired by Americans. Professional athletes like George “Babe” Ruth were admired by Americans. Celebrities like Charles Lindbergh, who was the first person to fly alone across the Atlantic, amused Americans. Celebrities like Charles Lindbergh, who was the first person to fly alone across the Atlantic, amused Americans. Section 3: America at Play

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 19 SUM IT UP How did the mass media, movies, and radio, affect American culture? How did the mass media, movies, and radio, affect American culture? What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920’s? What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920’s? Who were the new celebrities of the 1920’s, and how did Americans respond to them? Who were the new celebrities of the 1920’s, and how did Americans respond to them? Section 3: America at Play

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 20 OBJECTIVES What new achievements did African American artists and writers make in the 1920’s? What new achievements did African American artists and writers make in the 1920’s? How did some writers express their views of American society after World War I? How did some writers express their views of American society after World War I? What were some of the major developments in architecture and the visual arts in the 1920’s? What were some of the major developments in architecture and the visual arts in the 1920’s? Section 4: The Arts

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 21 New Achievements of African American Artists and Writers in the 1920’s In the 1920’s, Harlem became a major center of African American cultural activity. In the 1920’s, Harlem became a major center of African American cultural activity. Through their work, artists of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. Through their work, artists of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. Harlem Renaissance – period of great African American artistic achievement in the 1920’s; named for the Harlem neighborhood in New York City Section 4: The Arts

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 22 New Achievements of African American Artist and Writers in the 1920’s African American writers found new publications to showcase their work such as the NAACP magazine The Crisis. African American writers found new publications to showcase their work such as the NAACP magazine The Crisis. Harlem Renaissance artists, including Aaron Douglas who experimented with cubist methods, drew from their culture and history in their works. Harlem Renaissance artists, including Aaron Douglas who experimented with cubist methods, drew from their culture and history in their works. Section 4: The Arts (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 23 Writers View’s of American Society After World War I Through their work, writers of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. Through their work, writers of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. They also demonstrated pride and hope for the future. They also demonstrated pride and hope for the future. The violence of WWI was the subject of many writers of the 1920’s. The violence of WWI was the subject of many writers of the 1920’s. Section 4: The Arts

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 24 Writers View’s of American Society After World War I Ernest Hemingway wrote about the horrors of WWI. Ernest Hemingway wrote about the horrors of WWI. Some authors believed that Americans no longer cared about the democratic ideals for which the war had been fought. Some authors believed that Americans no longer cared about the democratic ideals for which the war had been fought. Others felt that American culture had become too devoted to greed and money. Others felt that American culture had become too devoted to greed and money. Section 4: The Arts (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 25 Major Developments in Architecture and the Visual Arts in the 1920’s Leading artists broke away from traditional styles to explore new techniques and subjects. Leading artists broke away from traditional styles to explore new techniques and subjects. Pablo Picasso helped create a new style of art called cubism. Pablo Picasso helped create a new style of art called cubism. Other artists focused on nontraditional subjects. For example, artist Edward Hopper painted urban scenes. Other artists focused on nontraditional subjects. For example, artist Edward Hopper painted urban scenes. By the 1920’s photography as an art form had gained popularity. By the 1920’s photography as an art form had gained popularity. Section 4: The Arts

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 26 Major Developments in Architecture and the Visual Arts in the 1920’s Architecture in the 1920’s had a “modernistic” style that later became known as art deco which included numerous vertical and zig-zag design elements. Architecture in the 1920’s had a “modernistic” style that later became known as art deco which included numerous vertical and zig-zag design elements. New building methods led to a boom in the building of skyscrapers. New building methods led to a boom in the building of skyscrapers. Section 4: The Arts

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 27 SUM IT UP What new achievements did African American artists and writers make in the 1920’s? What new achievements did African American artists and writers make in the 1920’s? How did some writers express their views of American society after World War I? How did some writers express their views of American society after World War I? What were some of the major developments in architecture and the visual arts in the 1920’s? What were some of the major developments in architecture and the visual arts in the 1920’s? Section 4: The Arts