Copyright Innovation – and Journals in the Digital Era Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW in eCommerce at Uni Hong Kong, in Computer Science at ANU OAR08.ppt Open Access & Research Conf. – Brisbane 26 September 2008

Copyright Invention The conception of a new idea The expression of a new idea in an apparatus or method Innovation The application of knowledge, in order to manufacture and deploy a new kind of artefact The articulation of an invention The adoption of a new product or process

Copyright Codified Knowledge expressed and recorded, in a more or less formal language (text, formulae, blueprints, procedure descriptions) disembodied from individuals communicable information Tacit Knowledge informal and intangible exists only in the mind of a particular person knowing that cf. knowing how to not readily communicated to others

Copyright Codified Knowledge An omelette recipe A combination of structured and unstructured text Tacit Knowledge The expertise to interpret the recipe to apply known techniques and tools to the activity, to recognise omissions and exceptions, to deliver a superb omelette every time, to sense which variants will work and which won't, and to deliver with style

Copyright Info Flows Within the Innovative Organisation

Copyright The Roles of Journal Articles in Innovation Theoretical Papers Empirical Papers and Underlying Data Prototypes Experimental Applications

Copyright The Future of Journals in the Digital Era Agenda The Functions of Refereed Journals Articles in the Digital Era Journals in the Digital Era Publisher-Categories Publisher-Categories' Cost-Profiles Business Models in the Digital Era

Copyright Refereed Journals The Core Functions Quality Assurance / Accreditation Publication Channel Discovery Mechanism Archival Mechanism Clarke R. & Kingsley D. (2008) 'e-Publishing's Impacts on Journals and Journal Articles' Journal of Internet Commerce 7,1 (March 2008)

Copyright Refereed Journals The Core Functions FunctionEmphasis Publication ChannelOriginal Discovery MechanismInterim Archival MechanismInterim Quality Assurance / AccreditationContemporary

Copyright The Journal in Mid-to-Late 20th Century Academic Life

Copyright The Digital Era's Impacts on Articles Early exposure of PrePrints 'Living Articles' Multi-Repository Publishing Multiple Discovery Mechanisms Linked 'grey literature' / supporting data Interactive Publications (animation, video, models supporting 'what-if' analysis) Open Review 'interactive public discussion' 'electronic letters to the editor' Central Submission-Points => "a market for articles"

Copyright The Digital Era's Impacts on Journals Process: PrePrint Publication first, Review second, Revision third, Accreditation fourth, Final Publication last Granularity (Volume, Issue, Article) Publication-when-ready Distributed Storage of 'Separates' in multiple repositories (own, employer's, discipline's) The Virtual Journal as an index-page of links to Separates, each carrying a signed certificate

Copyright The Journal in Very Early 21st Century Academic Life

Copyright Categories of Journal-Publisher Unincorporated Mutual An informal association of a modest number of people with a common interest Not-For-Profit Association A formally constituted not-for-profit association of individuals, usually within a particular discipline, profession and/or geographical region For-Profit Publisher A for-profit corporation, or a profit-oriented business unit of a not-for-profit association

Copyright Journal-Publisher Characteristics Form incorporated; business-unit; unincorporated Motivation a not-for-profit, associated with a community; an outsourced service provider; an entrepreneur Revenue Model cross-subsidised; self-funding; cross-subsidiser; for-profit Scope one Journal; some Journals; many Journals Scale little cash flow; small business; substantial business

Copyright A Journal Cost-Profile Model Establishment Operations Submission-Related Article-Related Issue-Related Generic Infrastructure Maintenance Financial Aspects Clarke R. (2007) 'The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing' First Monday 12, 12 (December 2007)

Copyright Cost-Elements within Operations Submission-Related Receipt, Acknowledgement & Management Assessment Process Conduct & Management Issue-Related Editorial Production-Editing Production Protection Distribution Article-Related Production-Editing Cataloguing Generic Marketing Customer Relationship Management Archive Management Indexing Governance

Copyright The Primary Factors That Affect Costs ?Submission-Load – Count, Communications Intensity Articles Accepted and Published Size, Special Features Issues Published Size, i.e. article-count, page-count, special features Frequency Competitive Virility Extent of the Brand Image Investment Emphasis on Market-Penetration, Revenue Maximisation, Content-Protection and other measures to control leakage of revenue

Copyright The Answers Unincorporated Mutual Subscription-Based Print Gratis eJournal Association One Print Journal One eJournal Five Journals – P or E For-Profit Publisher Subscription-Based Print Subscription-Based eJnl Open Access Print / eJnl $20,000 pa – $1,000 per art. Fully-Sponsored, hence Nil $112,000 pa – $3,750 per art. $22,000 pa – $730 per art. $3,750 per art. or $730 per art. $137,000 pa – $4,600 per art. $112,000 pa – $3,700 per art. $4,200 per art. or $3,400 per art.

Copyright What Value-Add by For-Profits? Pre-production, production, distribution, and their management, are no longer difficult There isnt just one one-stop shop; there are many The Web enables aggregation with ease The Web enables discovery with ease The Web enables auto-hotlinking generally, not just across a single publishers holdings Exploitation of market power (entry barriers, switching costs, control of backlists, bundling) is not value-add

Copyright Is the Higher Price Worth Paying? For-Profit Publishers higher cost-profiles arise from these additional functions: Marketing Brand Management Customer Relationship Management Content-Protection Profit-Making These do not benefit authors Nor communities (unless profit is made by Associations, or at least shared with them)

Copyright Digital Era Business Models

Copyright A Confounding Factor Economic Rationalism in the Tertiary Sector Much-Reduced Government Funding Governance from Collegiality to Managerialism Objectives and Strategies from knowledge advancement through research, instruction and supervision to Profit, and hence to revenue, cost, and market-share Competitive Exploitation is favoured, and hence Collaborative Research is threatened Increased Tensions are inevitable between Universities and Scholarly Communities

Copyright Innovation – and Journals in the Digital Era CONCLUSIONS Journals have an Important Role in Innovation, but: Openness is Vital (libre / 'free as in speech') Absence of a Cost-Barrier is Vital (not necessarily gratis / 'free as in beer', but no monopoly-enabled super-profits) Cost-Profiles are now much lower DIY ePublishing can be sophisticated Proprietised Journals have been undermined A Transition Period is in train, and monopolies are being savagely defended