with modifications by Ken Costello AQUEOUS ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS By John Weide with modifications by Ken Costello

There is a systematic process in the naming of inorganic acids There is a systematic process in the naming of inorganic acids. Probably the most significant problem is the variation of charges for the negative ions. For example Cl-1 chloride ion NO3-1 nitrate ion SO4-2 sulfate ion PO4-3 phosphate ion Na Na2 Na3 H H2 H3

Another significant problem is that many of the other polyatomic ions with the same endings on their names have a different number of oxygen atoms attached to the central atom. For example chlorate ClO3-1 sulfate SO4-2 phosphate PO4-3 acetate C2H3O2-1

but a varying number of oxygen atoms Rather than memorize all the polyatomic ions it is much more useful to learn their trends in the naming scheme. There are numerous patterns within a homologous series. For example ClO4-1 perchlorate ClO3-1 chlorate ClO2-1 chlorite ClO-1 hypochlorite Cl-1 chloride (not a polyatomic ion) ClO4-1 perchlorate ClO3-1 chlorate ClO2-1 chlorite ClO-1 hypochlorite Cl-1 chloride ClO4-1 perchlorate ClO3-1 chlorate ClO2-1 chlorite ClO-1 hypochlorite Cl-1 chloride ClO4-1 perchlorate ClO3-1 chlorate ClO2-1 chlorite ClO-1 hypochlorite Cl-1 chloride All the names contain chlor indicating that the ion contains chlorine All the ions contain one chlorine atom but a varying number of oxygen atoms All have a minus one charge

The oxy-ions of chlorine, bromine and iodine all have these trends in common. Look for them below…… perchlorate ClO4-1 chlorate ClO3-1 chlorite ClO2-1 hypochlorite ClO-1 Perbromate BrO4-1 Bromate BrO3-1 Bromite BrO2-1 Hypobromite BrO-1 Periodate IO4-1 Iodate IO3-1 Iodite IO2-1 Hypoiodite IO-1 The most productive method of committing these ions to memory is first memorize the ones that have the _____ate ending. This is the most common ending.

POLYATOMIC IONS Ions with -1 charge perbromate BrO4-1 bromate BrO3-1 bromite BrO2-1 hypobromite BrO-1 perchlorate ClO4-1 chlorate ClO3-1 chlorite ClO2-1 hypochlorite ClO-1 periodate IO4-1 iodate IO3-1 iodite IO2-1 hypoiodite IO-1 nitrate NO3-1 nitrite NO2-1 hydroxide OH-1 cyanide CN-1 thiocyanate SCN-1 acetate C2H3O2-1 permanganate MnO4-1 bicarbonate HCO3-1 Ions with a -2 Charge carbonate CO3-2 phthalate C8H4O4-2 sulfate SO4-2 sulfite SO3-2 chromate CrO4-2 dichromate Cr2O7-2 oxalate C2O4-2 peroxide O2-2 Ions with a -3 Charge phosphate PO4-3 phosphite PO3-3 arsenate AsO4-3 Ions with +1 charge ammonium ion NH4+1

The table below shows the prefixes and suffixes that tell the number of oxygen atoms present in the negative ion. Salt metal polyatomic ion # Oxygen atoms ________ per_____ate 4 ________ _____ate 3 ________ _____ite 2 ________ hypo_____ite 1 ________ _____ide 0

the aqueous acid names are simply an extension of the salt names. REMEMBER the aqueous acid names are simply an extension of the salt names.

Salt Aqueous Acid metal polyatomic ion hydrogen polyatomic ion ________ per_____ate ________ _____ate ________ _____ite ________ hypo_____ite ________ _____ide Aqueous Acid hydrogen polyatomic ion per_____ic acid _____ic acid _____ous acid hypo______ous acid hydro______ic acid To transform the metal per____ate salt into its corresponding aqueous acid name: 1) The name of the metal is dropped 2) The -ate ending is replaced with –ic 3) The word acid is added to the name For example: potassium perchlorate > perchloric acid KClO4(s) > HClO4 (aq)

Salt Aqueous Acid metal polyatomic ion hydrogen polyatomic ion ________ per_____ate ________ _____ate ________ _____ite ________ hypo_____ite ________ _____ide Aqueous Acid hydrogen polyatomic ion per_____ic acid _____ic acid _____ous acid hypo______ous acid hydro______ic acid To transform the metal _____ate salt into its corresponding aqueous acid name: 1) The name of the metal is dropped 2) The -ate ending is replaced with –ic 3) The word acid is added to the name For example: sodium acetate > acetic acid NaC2H3O2(s) > HC2H3O2(aq)

Salt Aqueous Acid metal polyatomic ion hydrogen polyatomic ion ________ per_____ate ________ _____ate ________ _____ite ________ hypo_____ite ________ _____ide Aqueous Acid hydrogen polyatomic ion per_____ic acid _____ic acid _____ous acid hypo______ous acid hydro______ic acid To transform the metal_____ite salt into its corresponding aqueous acid name: 1) The name of the metal is dropped 2) The -ite ending is replaced with –ous 3) The word acid is added to the name For example: ammonium nitrite > nitrous acid NH4NO2(s) > HNO2(aq)

Salt Aqueous Acid metal polyatomic ion hydrogen polyatomic ion ________ per_____ate ________ _____ate ________ _____ite ________ hypo_____ite ________ _____ide Aqueous Acid hydrogen polyatomic ion per_____ic acid _____ic acid _____ous acid hypo______ous acid hydro______ic acid To transform the metal hypo_____ite salt into its corresponding aqueous acid name: 1) The name of the metal is dropped 2) The -ite ending is replaced with –ous 3) The word acid is added to the name For example: lithium hypoiodite > hypoiodous acid LiIO (s) > HIO (aq)

Salt Aqueous Acid metal polyatomic ion hydrogen polyatomic ion ________ per_____ate ________ _____ate ________ _____ite ________ hypo_____ite ________ _____ide Aqueous Acid hydrogen polyatomic ion per_____ic acid _____ic acid _____ous acid hypo______ous acid hydro______ic acid To transform the metal _____ide salt into its corresponding aqueous acid name: 1) The name of the metal is dropped 2) The -ide ending is replaced with hydro____ic 3) The word acid is added to the name For example: silver bromide > hydrobromic acid AgBr(s) > HBr(aq)

Example #1-Names to Formulas chloric acid Determine the formula & charge of the polyatomic ion chlorate 2. Add hydrogen ions +1 -1 H ClO3 =0 (aq) 3. Balance charge with ions Final Formula 4. Add the subscript: (aq)

Examples #1- Formulas to Names HBrO2(aq) 1. The hydrogen out front & the (aq) subscript indicates an acid bromite 2. Determine the ion and it’s acid ending. ____________ acid bromous acid Final Name

Practice Problem #1 No, it contains more oxygen atoms HIO4(aq) Choose the correct name for the compound 1. iodic acid No, it contains more oxygen atoms 2. iodous acid No, it contains more oxygen atoms 3. periodic acid Very good, click arrow to continue 4. hydrogen periodate No, you need to use the acid name 5. none of the above No, there is a correct answer next problem Ion list

Practice Problem #2 No, it has too many oxygen atoms hydrobromic acid Choose the correct formula for the compound 1. HBrO(aq) No, it has too many oxygen atoms 2. HBr(aq) Very good, click arrow to continue 3. HBrO3(aq) No, you have too many oxygen atoms 4. HBrO2(aq) No, you have too many oxygen atoms 5. none of the above No, there is a correct answer next problem Ion list

PRACTICE Refer to pages 159-166 for practice problems related to nomenclature. Refer to page 15 for list of common polyatomic ions. Refer to page 12 for charges Or Use Periodic Table for charges

POLYATOMIC IONS return Ions with -1 charge perbromate BrO4-1 bromite BrO2-1 hypobromite BrO-1 perchlorate ClO4-1 chlorate ClO3-1 chlorite ClO2-1 hypochlorite ClO-1 periodate IO4-1 iodate IO3-1 iodite IO2-1 hypoiodite IO-1 nitrate NO3-1 nitrite NO2-1 hydroxide OH-1 cyanide CN-1 thiocyanate SCN-1 acetate C2H3O2-1 permanganate MnO4-1 bicarbonate HCO3-1 Ions with a -2 Charge carbonate CO3-2 phthalate C8H4O4-2 sulfate SO4-2 sulfite SO3-2 chromate CrO4-2 dichromate Cr2O7-2 oxalate C2O4-2 peroxide O2-2 Ions with a -3 Charge phosphate PO4-3 phosphite PO3-3 arsenate AsO4-3 Ions with +1 charge ammonium ion NH4+1 return