Human Populations 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 1.

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Presentation transcript:

Human Populations 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 1

Human populations grow slowly K-selected, Equilibrium species Few large offspring Parental care lasting > 10 yrs. Birth interval 2-5 years in most of world. 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 2

Human population growth Historic growth Exponential growth in recent times. Carrying capacity? How much can human populations grow? 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Human population growth Δ N = +B +I –D –E B = birth rate = live births/1000 people/year D = death rate = deaths/1000/year   If B > D, population grows For most of human history B = D 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 4

Human Impact IPAT model I = P x A x T I = P x A x T x S I = impact P = population size A = affluence T = technology I = P x A x T x S S = sensitivity 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 5

Demography Population size Population density and distribution Age structure Sex ratios 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demography Population density and distribution 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demography Age structure Sex ratios Slow growth vs. Rapid growth 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demography Age structure Sex ratios China’s One-child policy 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Age structure of USA Effect of “baby-boom” generation Baby-boomers now in most productive years; Soon to retire and draw Social Security; Soon to suffer medical needs of older age, need for nursing homes, hospitals, medical doctors; Needs MUST be met by smaller population of offspring. 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Human Population I = P x A x T Population size Affluence Technology 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Human Population “Fertility rate” Replacement fertility rate Average number of children per female (lifetime) Replacement fertility rate Δ N = +B +I –D –E 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demographic transition 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demographic transition Birth/Fertility rates have changed. Fertility: Total fertility rate Number of children a woman produces in childbearing years Replacement-level fertility Number of children necessary to replace parents, To maintain constant population size ~ 2.1 per woman 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 6

Demographic transition Empowerment of women Rising standard of living Education influences fertility rate 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demographic transition Empowerment of women Family planning Availability of contraception 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Demographic transition Factors affecting birth/fertility rates: Children in labor force, Urbanization, Cost of raising & educating, Opportunities for women, Age at marriage, Infant mortality, Available contraception & abortion, Religious & cultural values. 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 7

Infant mortality decline Improved food supply Proper nutrition (vitamins, protein, fats) Control of infectious disease. Influenza Diphtheria Polio Malaria & more 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 9

Infant mortality decline Infant death for full term babies now rare in USA, N. Europe. Contrast to 19th century. Darwin’s children (born 1840’s) Enrico Caruso (1873 – 1923). 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

Recently, Have death rates changed? Life expectancy increased Increased food supply, better nutrition Sanitation/ personal hygiene Medical care (immunization, antibiotics) Safe water supplies Decrease in infant mortality. 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt 8

Demography Predicting the future of populations: Age structure diagrams People age ! Fertility rate Death rate (age specific death rates) 02 June 2010 Human-Populations.ppt

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