V IRTUAL P ARTICLES by Robert Nemiroff Michigan Tech

Physics X: About This Course Officially "Extraordinary Concepts in Physics" Being taught for credit at Michigan Tech o Light on math, heavy on concepts o Anyone anywhere is welcome No textbook required o Wikipedia, web links, and lectures only o Find all the lectures with Google at: "Starship Asterisk" then "Physics X" o

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES are strange even for quantum mechanics. pervade all of space and time less well understood than the uncertainty principle. o But related! Needed to explain static forces such as o electricity (photons). o magnetism (photons). o strong nuclear force (gluons). o weak nuclear force (W or Z particles). o gravity? (gravitons?)

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES are needed to explain attractive force. have been used to make falsifiable predictions: o Lamb shift o Casimir effect o Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) good to one part in o Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES Virtual particles do not obey m2 c4 = E2 - p2 c2 and so o are called "off the mass shell".mass shell o have a non-classical relationship between kinetic energy and mass. o can have negative momentum. o can have any speed.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES Virtual particles do not obey m2 c4 = E2 - p2 c2 and so o tend to destructively interfere over long distances. o have a range limited by the uncertainty principle. o Higher masses yield shorter distance. o defined directly only in perturbation theory The further off the mass shell a virtual particle is, the less their probability amplitude in many QM calculations.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : D O THEY CONSERVE ENERGY ? Yes, no, and controversial. Yes, real particles that are affected by virtual particles may conserve energy. once created, a virtual particle has a definite energy that does not change. when being created, the energy might be considered as borrowed from a neighboring real particle.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : D O THEY CONSERVE ENERGY ? No, virtual particle energy could be considered to arrive from nowhere, but can't be directly detected because of the uncertainty principle. Controversial, the existence of virtual particles is "interpreted" from a mathematical framework, and some interpretations do vary.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : U NCERTAINTY P RINCIPLE Virtual particles are completely hidden by the uncertainty principle, living on "other side" such that Δx Δp < h. When a real particle accelerates, some of its "virtual cloud" is sufficiently accelerated that Δx Δp > h and so "become" real.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : L AMB S HIFTL AMB S HIFT The Lamb shift is a slight shift in the energy levels of orbiting electrons in a hydrogen atom. caused by an interaction between an orbiting electron and surrounding virtual electrons and photons. a unique test of virtual particles in QED.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : C ASIMIR E FFECTC ASIMIR E FFECT The Casimir Effect was discovered by Casimir while studying why mayonnaise flowed so slowly. allows parallel plates to attract when no classical force indicates that they should. attributed to virtual particles destructively interfering when constrained between boundaries. The zero point energy of the vacuum is changed. can be attractive or repulsive.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : A TTRACTIVE FORCE ?A TTRACTIVE FORCE ? If forces result from exchanging virtual particles, and their corresponding real particles always have positive mass, how can any force be attractive? Virtual particles can carry negative momentum. Interference with other virtual photons (of the other particle) can determine attractive or negative momentum. The math is very complicated. You would need to study quantum electrodynamics.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : C AN THEY GO FASTER THAN LIGHT ? C AN THEY GO FASTER THAN LIGHT ? Yes, virtual particles can be considered to go faster (and slower) than light, but in doing so they are constrained not to allow FTL communication. Example: Two well separated observers would measure fluctuations in a field that could only be found to be correlated at a later time.

V IRTUAL P ARTICLES : B LACK H OLE G RAVITY B LACK H OLE G RAVITY How does gravity get out of a black hole? Not a problem in General Relativity because there are no real or virtual particles being exchanged. Some gravity could come from matter that has not yet fallen in. In quantum gravity, virtual particles could go faster than light and so many are not constrained by the event horizon. o But they can't carry messages FTL.

"A LL P HOTONS ARE V IRTUAL P HOTONS " A statement (author unclear) that is still being debated. Since photons travel at c, they experience no passive of time between emission and absorption. Treated as mathematically similar in many quantum calculations. Real particles can trigger real detectors, but virtual particles can only transmit force. Do virtual particles respond to gravity at all?