Napoleon as First Consul

I. Napoleon as First Consul 1.Est. stability in France 2.Closed the Revolution a) Third Estate b) peasants c) fostered loyalty by 3.Made peace w/Europe 4.Concordat w/ Pope 5.Napoleonic Code

II. Napoleon as Emperor 1.Crowned emperor in Continental System ( ) 3.Third Coalition (BRA) & Battle of Trafalgar a) what happened to Prussia? b) Britain (under Horatio Nelson) defeats Napoleon’s forces off the ________ coast. c) This was THE most decisive battle for British in war. d) guaranteed British sea supremacy for remainder of the war. 4. Louisiana Purchase (1803)

III. Victories in C. Europe 1.Austerlitz (Dec 2, 1805) (KEY) a) Nap defeated Austrian & Russian forces b) Nap recognized as King of Italy c) Nap recognized as a military genius who is “unstoppable” 2.Confederation of the Rhine (July 1806) a) Confed includes most W. HRE princes b) Francis II of Austria forced to dissolve the HRE (Francis II of HRE is now known as Francis I of Austria) c) This forces Prussia to enter war

3.Battles of Jen and Auerstadt (Oct 1806) a) defeats b) Berlin decrees 4.Battle of Friedland (June 1807) a) Nap defeats Russians and occupies b) Nap is now master of ALL _________

IV. Fall of Napoleon 1.Aura of invincibility: This belief leads him to make 3 disastrous mistakes. 2.Continental System 3.Guerilla Warfare in Spain a) Nap puts his bro on throne (ousts a Bourbon) b) Spanish guerilla’s kill 300,000 French soldiers c) this Peninsular War drains Fr. strength from elsewhere 4.Invasion of Russia a) cold, disease, Russian attacks = Nap’s retreat b) scorched earth policy c) only 100,000 (out of 600,000) make it back to France d) HUGE defeat

5.Last coalition (BARP) 6.Battle of Leipzig – Nap is defeated a) w/ 600,000 soldiers involved…it was the largest battle in Europe prior to WWI 7.Nap abdicates throne…is exiled to Elbe 8.Returns for 100 Days 9.Final defeat at Waterloo

V. Congress of Vienna 1.Metternich’s goals a) restore “Old Regime” b) weaken France c) did not harshly punish France d) balance of power created that lasted until 1871 when Germany unified 2. Problem? The Forces of liberalism and nationalism had been unleashed by the Fr. Rev. and would not go away.

VI. Romanticism 1.The Movement a) inspired a desire for freedom of thought, feeling and action. 2.Key Characteristics a) Primacy (of 1 st importance) of Emotion Enlightenment stressed reason as a way to understand nature… Romanticism rejected reason, and instead stressed emotion, intuition, and subjective feelings.

b)A different past Neoclassical artists looked to Greece and Rome for models of order and clarity Romantics looked to the medieval period for models of chivalrous heroes, miraculous events, and unsolved mysteries c)New view of nature Enlightened thinkers relied on the scientific method to study and understand nature. (Viewed nature as a well-ordered machine) Romantics preferred to contemplate the beauty of nature. They were inspired by raging rivers, great storms, and majestic mountains veiled in mist.

d.Religion Enlightenment = * rejected faith, relying on a rational, scientific approach to understanding relationship b/t human beings and natural world. * Deists’ view = God as divine watchmaker Romantics = * believed in a loving, personal God * stressed emotions, inner faith, & religious inspiration. * embraced wonders & mysteries of nature as a way to feel the divine presence.

VII. Romantic Writers, Artists & Composers Be familiar with the writers/artists and their works listed on the ID List. Film clip from Immortal Beloved