North and South, 1820–1860 Chapter 14 The American Nation Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14: North and South, 1820–1860 The American Nation Chapter 14: North and South, 1820–1860 Section 1: Industry in the North Section 2: Life in the North Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South Section 4: Life in the South Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Industry in the North Chapter 14, Section 1 How did new inventions change manufacturing and farming in the North? What difficulties did the first railroads face? How did railroads and clipper ships help the northern economy?

New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming Chapter 14, Section 1 Invention Sewing machine Inventor Elias Howe, improved by Isaac Singer Improvement Clothing could be manufactured by machine much more rapidly than it could be made by hand. Iron Plow Steel Plow Jethro Wood John Deere The older, heavy wood and iron plows had to be pulled by slow-moving oxen. A horse could pull a lighter-weight steel plow faster. Mechanical Reaper Cyrus McCormick A horse-drawn reaper could mow wheat and other grains five times as fast as farmhands using hand tools. Mechanical Drill, Threshing Machine, Horse-Drawn Hay Rake All these improvements helped farmers raise more grain with fewer farmhands.

New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming Chapter 14, Section 1 Invention Telegraph Inventor Samuel F. B. Morse Improvement The “talking wire,” or telegraph, was a device that sent electrical signals along a wire. For the first time, news could travel long distances in a few minutes. steam-powered locomotive engine an English family Railroad cars had been pulled by horses or mules. The steam-powered locomotive, or engine to pull railroad cars, could do 30 miles per hour.

The Trouble With Railroads Chapter 14, Section 1 Early problems Workers who moved freight on horse-drawn wagons feared losing their jobs. Investors in canals worried that competition from the railroads would cause them to lose their investments. Soft roadbeds and weak bridges often led to railroad accidents. Locomotives often broke down. The smokestacks belched thick smoke and hot embers. The embers sometimes burned clothing. Where there was only one track instead of one in each direction, trains collided. Gradually, many of these problems were solved and by the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation.

Railroads in 1850 Chapter 14, Section 1

Railroads in 1850 Chapter 14, Section 1

Railroads, 1850 and 1860

Railroads and Clippers Improve the Northern Economy Chapter 14, Section 1 Railroads increased commerce within the United States. New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati became major rail centers. Railroads allowed factory owners to transport large amounts cheaply and quickly Railroads linked towns with cities. The towns became markets for goods made in the cities. Railroads brought cheap farm goods from the West to New England. New England farmers could not compete and left their farms for other jobs. A new kind of ship, the clipper ship, increased commerce between the United States and other nations. Americans sold cotton, fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco overseas. John Griffiths launched a new, speedier ship—the clipper ship. It was a sleek vessel with tall masts and huge sails that caught every gust of wind.

Steam Power Also Helped the Northern Economy Chapter 14, Section 1 Steam power had advantages over water power. Factories that used steam power could be built anywhere. They didn’t have to be built along rivers. Steam-driven machines were powerful, as well as cheap to run. The new machines produced more goods at lower cost.

Section 1 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 1 The telegraph changed people’s lives. For the first time, people could a) communicate over long distances almost instantly. b) carry letters on horseback from telegraph station to telegraph station. c) send messages from New England to Ireland. d) find jobs in the new factories in northern cities. An expanding network of railroads changed the northern economy by a) helping the United States win a larger share of the world’s trade. b) increasing northern farming. c) dividing workers in rural towns from those in big cities. d) transporting goods more cheaply and quickly. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 1 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 1 The telegraph changed people’s lives. For the first time, people could a) communicate over long distances almost instantly. b) carry letters on horseback from telegraph station to telegraph station. c) send messages from New England to Ireland. d) find jobs in the new factories in northern cities. An expanding network of railroads changed the northern economy by a) helping the United States win a larger share of the world’s trade. b) increasing northern farming. c) dividing workers in rural towns from those in big cities. d) transporting goods more cheaply and quickly. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Life in the North Chapter 14, Section 2 How were conditions in factories in the 1840s worse than those in the 1820s? What did factory workers hope to accomplish by joining together? Who were the new immigrants in the mid-1800s? How were free African Americans treated in the North?

Factory Conditions Worsened in the 1840s Chapter 14, Section 2 Steam-powered factories of the 1840s and 1850s were larger than the mills of the early 1800s. The new factories changed the way work was done and the way workers lived and worked. Mass production changed the way workers felt about their jobs. In the past, artisans, or skilled workers, were proud of what they made. With mass production, factory owners were interested in how much the factory produced, not how well it was done. Workers could not be creative. Artisans often owned and managed their own businesses. Factory workers were unlikely to rise to manage a business. Often, entire families labored in factories, including children. They worked long hours—from 4 A.M. until 7:30 P.M. Factory workers faced discomfort and danger. Few factories had windows or heating systems. Factory machines had no safety devices. There were no laws regulating factory conditions.

Workers Joined Together Chapter 14, Section 2 Poor working conditions and low wages led workers to organize. In the 1820s and 1830s, artisans in each trade formed trade unions. The unions called for a shorter workday, higher wages, and better working conditions. Sometimes, unions went on strike, that is, they refused to work until their demands were met. Slowly, workers made progress. In 1840, President Van Buren approved a ten-hour workday for government employees. Artisans won better pay, but unskilled workers made little progress. Women Workers organized, too. New England textile workers protested wage cuts and unfair work rules. Women workers staged strikes at Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1830s. The Lowell Female Labor Reform Association petitioned the state legislature for a ten-hour workday.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2 By the late 1800s, many factory workers were new immigrants. Many immigrants came from Great Britain seeking to earn higher wages. Between 1845 and 1860, over 1.5 million Irish immigrated to the United States. A disease had destroyed Ireland’s potato crop, leading to a famine, or severe food shortage. Thousands died of starvation and disease. Others fled to the United States. Between 1848 and 1860, nearly a million Germans arrived in the United States. Revolutions had broken out in many parts of Germany. People left Germany to avoid the violence.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2 Not everyone welcomed the immigrants. One group of Americans, called nativists, wanted to preserve the country for native-born, white citizens. Because immigrants were willing to work for lower pay, some Americans protested that they “stole” jobs. Many people distrusted the different languages, customs, and dress. Some people blamed immigrants for a rise in city crime. Some people mistrusted Irish newcomers because many of them were Catholics. Until then, a majority of immigrants to the United States had been Protestant. Nativists formed a new political party. It was called the Know-Nothing party. The party was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant.

Immigration to the United States, 1820–1860

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2

African Americans in the North Chapter 14, Section 2 African Americans in the North met discrimination Discrimination is a policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people. African Americans were denied “the ballot-box, the jury box, the halls of the legislature, the army, the public lands, the school, and the church.” African Americans had trouble finding good jobs. African Americans in the North met some success. Some African Americans found success owning their own businesses. Some African Americans became successful professionals.

Section 2 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 2 Which statement best describes one way factory conditions changed in the 1840s because of mass production? a) Workers began to take greater pride in the goods they made. b) Factory owners began to care more about how good their products were. c) New laws said that owners must spend money on safety equipment. d) Factory workers now worked longer hours for lower wages. After northern states outlawed slavery, free African Americans in the North a) were drafted into the army. b) were still not allowed to vote in most northern states. c) found good jobs because they were willing to work for less. d) fled to the South. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 2 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 2 Which statement best describes one way factory conditions changed in the 1840s because of mass production? a) Workers began to take greater pride in the goods they made. b) Factory owners began to care more about how good their products were. c) New laws said that owners must spend money on safety equipment. d) Factory workers now worked longer hours for lower wages. After northern states outlawed slavery, free African Americans in the North a) were drafted into the army. b) were still not allowed to vote in most northern states. c) found good jobs because they were willing to work for less. d) fled to the South. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Cotton Kingdom in the South Chapter 14, Section 3 How did the cotton gin improve cotton production in the South? How did the South become an agricultural economy? In what ways was the South dependent on the North?

The Cotton Gin Chapter 14, Section 3 Textile mills in the North and in Britain needed more and more raw cotton to make cloth. Southern planters could grow plenty of cotton, but removing the seeds by hand was a slow process. Eli Whitney built a machine to clean cotton—the cotton engine, or gin. It had rollers with wire teeth that separated the seeds from the fibers. One worker using a gin could do the work of 50 people cleaning cotton by hand. The cotton gin led to a boom in cotton production. Cotton plants wore out the soil, so planters began to look for fresh land. By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended in a wide band from the East Coast westward to Texas. This area became known as the Cotton Kingdom. As the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did slavery.

The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery Chapter 14, Section 3

The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy Chapter 14, Section 3 Crop Growing Area Effects Cotton a wide band from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas promoted the plantation system and slavery Rice coasts of South Carolina and Georgia required expensive irrigation and drainage systems promoted the plantation system Sugar Cane Louisiana and Texas Tobacco Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky Usually grown on small farms

The Economic Relationship Between North and South Chapter 14, Section 3 Southern industry remained small. agricultural tools—cotton gins, planters, and plows other agricultural goods—ironware, hoes, and hemp for bags cheap cotton cloth Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond, Virginia—railroad equipment, machinery, tools, cannons flour mills However, the South had little industry compared with the North. The South depended on the North and on Europe. loans from northern banks northern furniture, tools, and machines

Section 3 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 3 The cotton gin had a great effect on the South. The invention of the cotton gin led to a) an enormous expansion in cotton production. b) a decrease in the number of slaves. c) the spread of large tobacco plantations onto cotton land. d) the introduction of new crops, such as rice. In the mid-1800s, most southern manufacturing centered on a) furniture. b) railroads. c) agricultural tools. d) cotton cloth. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 3 Assessment Chapter 14, Section 3 The cotton gin had a great effect on the South. The invention of the cotton gin led to a) an enormous expansion in cotton production. b) a decrease in the number of slaves. c) the spread of large tobacco plantations onto cotton land. d) the introduction of new crops, such as rice. In the mid-1800s, most southern manufacturing centered on a) furniture. b) railroads. c) agricultural tools. d) cotton cloth. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Life in the South Chapter 14, Section 4 Which groups of white southerners made up southern society? How were free African Americans treated? What laws restricted the freedom of African Americans? How did African Americans resist slavery?

White Southern Society Chapter 14, Section 4 The wealthy A planter was someone who owned at least 20 slaves. Only one white southerner in 30 belonged to a planter family. Less than 1 percent owned 50 or more slaves. These wealthy families were called the “cottonocracy.” Small farmers About 75 percent of southern whites were small farmers. They owned the land they farmed. These “plain folk” might own one or two slaves. Plain folk worked with their slaves in the fields. Poor whites They did not own the land they farmed. They rented it. Poor whites often lived in the hilly, wooded areas of the South.

Who Made Up Southern Society? Chapter 14, Section 4

Free African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 Most free African Americans were descendants of slaves freed during and after the American Revolution. Others had bought their freedom. Slave owners feared that free African Americans might set a bad example for enslaved African Americans. They might encourage slaves to rebel. They proved African Americans could take care of themselves. Southern states passed laws to make life harder for free African Americans. Free African Americans were not allowed to travel or vote. In some states, they either had to move out of the state or let themselves be enslaved.

They could not leave their owner’s land without a written pass. Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 Southern states passed laws known as slave codes to keep slaves from running away or rebelling. Enslaved African Americans were forbidden to gather in groups of more than three. They could not leave their owner’s land without a written pass. They were not allowed to own guns. It was a crime for slaves to learn how to read and write. They did not have the right to testify in court.

Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 Conditions varied from plantation to plantation. Slaves generally worked long, hard days—up to 16 hours a day. Since southern laws did not recognize slave marriages or slave families, it was hard for African Americans to keep their families together. On some large plantations, extended families—grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins—often did manage to form close-knit groups. Some planters allowed white ministers to preach to their slaves.

African Americans Resisted Slavery Chapter 14, Section 4 Some African Americans struck back against slavery as the opportunity presented itself, such as by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food. Many enslaved African Americans tried to escape to the North. A few African Americans used violence to resist the slave system. For example Denmark Vesey, a free man, planned a revolt. However, he was betrayed before the revolt began. Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a major revolt. He led his followers through Virginia, killing many whites. In hunting him down, whites killed many innocent African Americans before they found and hanged Turner.

Section 4 Assessment In the 1860s, most southern whites were Chapter 14, Section 4 In the 1860s, most southern whites were a) poor white people. b) planters. c) small farmers. d) members of the “cottonocracy.” Slaves were forbidden to learn how to read and write mainly because a) slave owners feared that slaves who could read would use their knowledge to run away. b) whites thought that educated slaves would write stories about the planters. c) white people thought that if African Americans could read and write, they might become too friendly. d) poor whites did not want African Americans to know more than they did. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 4 Assessment In the 1860s, most southern whites were Chapter 14, Section 4 In the 1860s, most southern whites were a) poor white people. b) planters. c) small farmers. d) members of the “cottonocracy.” Slaves were forbidden to learn how to read and write mainly because a) slave owners feared that slaves who could read would use their knowledge to run away. b) whites thought that educated slaves would write stories about the planters. c) white people thought that if African Americans could read and write, they might become too friendly. d) poor whites did not want African Americans to know more than they did. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.