Chapter 9 Sections 1-3

 The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in Enlgand in the middle 1700s.

 Wealthy people buy up land then come up with new ways to farm  Enclosures- larger fields with fences or hedges  Scientific Farmers- new planting methods boost production  Crop Rotation and new breeding methods  People tenant farmers or move to cities  More food=more people= more demand for goods  Why England?  Industrialization- the process of developing machine production of goods. = need for resources  Britain has resources, good economy, highly developed banking system, political stability, and all of the factors of production. (land, labor, capital, and wealth)

 John Kay’s Flying Shuttle- doubles work of weaver  James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny- Spins 8 threads at a time  Richard Arkwright- Water Frame water powered spinning wheels  Samuel Crompton- Spinning Mule  Edmund Cartwright- power loom  Eli Whitney- The Cotton Gin

 Watt’s Steam Engine  Watt mathematical instrument maker teams up with Matthew Boulton and entrepreneur in 1774  Found ways to make steam engines faster, more efficient, and burn less fuel  Water Transportation  Steam powered boats= transport faster  Road Transportation  John McAdam- New roads with large rock on bottom and small rock on top  Turnpikes.

 Steam Driven Locomotives  Worlds first RR line- Stephenson 1821  27 miles from Yorkshire to Liverpool  The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad  Held competition to see what locomotive they would use  13 ton load at 24 MPH  Railroads revolutionize life in Britain  1. Cheap transporation= industrial growth  2. new jobs  3. boosts ag and fishing industries  4. Travel

Section 2

 People move to cities for jobs  Urban centers double to quadruple  Urbanization- city building and the movement of people to cities  Living Conditions  Since cities expanded rapidly there were no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes. Lacked housing, education, and police protection  No drains, garbage heaps, Dark dirty shelters, 1 room per family, disease spread rapidly  Life span- 17 years city, 38 in rural areas  Working Conditions  14 hour days 6 days a week.  Dark, dirty, machines dangerous, no safety net  Women and children work as much but paid less

 Middle Class  Skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers  Most of new wealth went to these people  Eventually division between upper middle and lower middle class  Working Class  Laborers  Destroy machines that take their jobs  Riots because of poor living and working conditions

 Created jobs  Fostered technological progress and invention  Increased production of goods and standard of living  Healthier diets  Cheaper goods  Expanded educational opportunities for clerical workers and engineers.  Economic success of the country

Chapter 9 Section 3

 Napoleonic Wars slow things down for the rest of Europe but Industrialism eventually spreads there  Belgium  Led Europe in adopting new technology  Rich in iron, coal, and waterways  Helped by British skilled workers  William Cockerill smuggles plans to Europe there and builds and enormous enterprise

 Germany  Germany divided so pockets of industrialization appear  Import British equipment and engineers  Railroads help Germany become an industrial power- helps them become a military power as well  Expansion Elsewhere  Other places had specific things they produced  Ex. Bohemia= spinning industry, Spain(Catalonia)= cotton, Northern Italy= spinning silk  France-More measured and controlled, kept a strong agricultural sector = avoided many social and economic problems of industrialization  Spain and Austria have hard time industrializing because of geographical obstacles

 Rise of Global inequality  Widened the wealth gap between people and nations  Needed raw materials and markets= poor countries  Imperialism  Transformation of society  Revolutionizes every aspect of society from daily life to life expectancy.