Aim: What changes took place as a result of the new age factory system? Title: The Factory System Do Now: Reviewing last night’s homework. I need a few volunteers to read aloud their written analysis. In connection to the homework, did anyone have questions &/or comments? How about the PPT? Did you review it?

Today’s focus: We will thoroughly examine how industrialization changed people’s lifestyles, living and working conditions. Industrialization = ?

Objective I Review Ch. 22.2 in the hopes of completing the following chart. Working conditions middle class working class women’s lives “How Machines Affected Work” and “Lives of Factory Workers” p.552 “Development of the Middle Class” p.553 “Lives of Factory Workers,” p.552 “Effect of Industrialization on Women’s Lives,” p.554

Working conditions middle class working class women’s lives In the hopes of finding work & better life for themselves & family, many moved to where the new industrial jobs were located – cities/urban areas. Poor, cramped, dirty – deplorable/hazardous working conditions. Worked very long hours – 14 - 16 hours or more per day. Very dangerous – limited safety measures/precautionary devices. Lived a very good lifestyle. While they were not rich, [many/not ALL] lived a “comfortable” life. Benefited greatly from the growth of industries and cities. Better paying jobs, greater economic status, social influence, and political power. These were the bourgeoisie Many were well- educated – wore suit & tie. Many started & owned businesses. Uneducated or undereducated Most children did not attend school – no laws/regulations requiring them to. Helped supplement the family’s limited income. Lived in tenements = poor/run down living conditions. Women found new kinds of work – working in textile mills or factories = new industrial jobs. Why? Did not required skilled workers – as a result, both women & children as young as 5 were welcomed in factories as workers = $$ grand savings for the business owners. Did not have to hire men/skill workers Many still worked as traditional domestic workers.

Working conditions are bad Changes the Way of Life                                         Urbanization Unfair labor practices Child/Cheap labor Working conditions are bad Inspires immigration Creates a new social class Living conditions are bad

England 1701 & 1911- population shift due to I.R.

Social Changes: Population Increases Agricultural Revolution Increased food production Lower food prices People ate more More healthy babies were born Population skyrocketed Social Changes: Population Increases 1750 – 144,000,000 1900 – 325,000,000 Europe 1750 - 11,000,000 1900 - 30,000,000 England Many people immigrated to industrialized countries Numerous nationalities to the United States Irish to Manchester and Liverpool in England Population growth in industrialized nations required growing even more food

Social Changes: Development and Growth of Cities Paris 18th century - 600,000 people Circa 1900 – over 2,714,000 in the Paris urban area Circa 2000 – over 11,000,000 in the Paris urban area London 18th century – 500,000 people Circa 1900 – over 6,200,000 in the London urban area Circa 2000 - over 7,100,000 in the London urban area Rural-to-urban migrants – people who left the countryside to live in cities A sign of an industrialized nation is that a large proportion of the population lives and works in urban areas

Social Change: Development and Growth of Cities Case Studies: Liverpool and Manchester 1800 – population under 100,000 1850 – population over 300,000 (part of the increase due to Irish fleeing the potato famine) 1900 – population over 700,000 Major British port city which grew during the Industrial Revolution Population peaked in the 1930s and has been declining ever since due to the decline in manufacturing and imperialism Manchester 1800 – population circa 328,000 1850 – population circa 1,037,000 1900 – population circa 2,357,000 Nicknamed “Cottonopolis” in the mid-to-late 19th century because of its textile factories Began to decline after the Industrial Revolution but has stabilized due to new industries and greater business diversification Note: A great American example of a city’s growth and decline as a result of the rise and fall of industrialization is Detroit, Michigan. There are a lot of photographic resources online, as well as demographic information (such as censuses) which chronicle now closed factories, and the rising and falling population and average income which accompanied the rising and falling auto industry.

________________________________ New Social Classes Upper Class Rich land owners - Old Money Upper Middle Class Entrepreneurs – New Money ________________________________ Lower Middle Class Skilled workers & shop owners Lower Class Factory workers, peasants, unskilled workers

Urbanization

Urbanization

Industrialization Effects of Industrialization GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES Factories for efficient production Urbanization: rapid movement to cities POOR LIVING CONDITIONS Small cities became too big too fast Poor sanitary conditions Insufficient housing, education, security Air and water pollution

Living Conditions: Tenements

Slums of Urbanization

Industrialization Effects of Industrialization (cont.) POOR WORKING CONDITIONS 14 hour days, 6 days/week, poor pay Workers had to keep up with machines Child Labor

Child Labor

Poor Working Conditions

Writing Exercise: Write a brief persuasive speech [not an analysis – a speech] to be given to the British Parliament in which you argue for human rights for the working class, with supporting reasons. Students may use topics of: a. child labor, b. unsafe working conditions c. wages and hours d. and living conditions. Students must use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation in their speech.

Homework# 09 (02/08/13; due: 02/11/13): Read 22.3 2. Complete Section 3 Review (p.558), questions 1 through 4

Independently - Please review slides 24 – 30 for further details surrounding I.R.

Effects of I.R.~ Good and Bad Negatives included: Life Span- In the mid 1800’s, life expectancy for adult males had reached an average of 40 years. However, for working class people in urban settings that life span was only 17 years. This was due to the horrific conditions children were subjected too in the early stages of the Ind. Rev. See pg. 262 in text. Pollution- Cities simply outgrew their infrastructure. Lacked both sufficient housing and adequate sewage systems. Also, no environmental protections, thus factories discharged anything and everything without safeguards.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution Social Change- In addition to a mass population shift to the cities (urbanization), there was also a shift in the distribution of wealth. -The IR helped to create a new middle class - skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers. - It also created a down trodden and impoverished working class. - New social classes emerged.

Effects of I.R.~ Good and Bad Positive effects included: Overall, all Industrialized Nations prospered, despite early growing pains. (Poor work and living conditions). Industrialized Nations experienced rises in Population, wealth, and health. A large middle class also developed, giving more people opportunities for education, democratic participation (voting), and social reform.

In conclusion…. Was the Industrial Revolution good or bad, more positive or negative? Think about the Industrial Revolution as a whole as we watch the following video clip? Consider what was good or bad about the IR. Mr. Blake's graduate school thesis presentation * Complete packet page 8 in the packet. ~be prepared to review in large group ~homework will be checked at this time * Art gallery/ editorial activity. Explained on next slide.

Social Changes: Improved Status and Earning Power of Women Initially, factory owners hired women and children because they worked for lower wages This brought many women, otherwise impoverished, to cities to work in factories Governments limited the work of children and, at times, of women Women gained economic power and independence Before industrialization, it was almost impossible for a woman to remain single and live on her own Factories and urban centers attracted women in large numbers Women fought for and eventually gained political rights Note: This is a complicated issue. The presence of women and children in factories, doing the same work as men for less pay, was a threat to men. Limiting the employment of women and children brought job security to men. It is easy to fall into the trap of labeling an end to child labor, and equal pay for women, altruistic when these actions benefited men quite a lot. Note: Women continue to relocate to cities more than men. In New York City, there are approximately 100 adult women for every 85 adult men. A good discussion might focus on why women continue to be attracted to large urban areas.

Social Changes: Problems Monotony of assembly lines and factory life Loss of craftsmanship in manufactured goods War became more deadly as weapons became more technologically advanced and were mass produced Economic insecurity – workers relied entirely on their jobs for sustenance

Social Changes: Science and Research Stimulated Scientific and technological discoveries became profitable instead of simply beneficial Companies and governments were willing to invest in research and development Patent law Came into its modern form under England’s Queen Anne (reigned 1702-1714) Inventors have the exclusive right to produce their new inventions for a period of time Note: Queen Anne ruled while England’s empire was budding. As the empire grew and expanded, England’s type of patent law spread throughout its colonies (the future United States, Canada, Australia, etc.).