EAST ASIA (chapter 9)

EAST ASIA

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM ONE OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST CULTURE HEARTHS INTENSIFYING REGIONAL DISPARITIES POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EAST, SITUATED IN RIVER BASINS

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA

REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER XIZANG (TIBET) XINJIANG MONGOLIA JAKOTA TRIANGLE

REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER- EASTERN HALF; THE CORE XIZANG (TIBET)- TALL MOUNTAINS AND HIGH PLATEAUS; SPARSELY POPULATED XINJIANG- VAST DESERT BASIN AND MOUNTAIN RIMS; A CULTURAL CONTACT ZONE MONGOLIA- A DESERT, BUFFER STATE THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE  JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN  RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

EASTASIAEASTASIA

XIZANG (TIBET) A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720 BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION

XINJIANG COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES

HONG KONG MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR 7 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES 1 JULY BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG

MONGOLIA STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.6 MILLION INHABITANTS PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911 BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE, wedged btw the former USSR (Russia) and China. ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHINA TOTAL AREA OF CHINA IS ABOUT 3.6 MILLION SQ MI LONGITUDINAL EXTENT IS COMPARABLE TO THE U.S.; LATITUDINAL RANGE FROM NORTHERN QUEBEC TO CENTRAL CARIBBEAN BORDERED (SURROUNDED) BY OCEAN, HIGH MOUNTAINS, STEPPE COUNTRY, AND DESERT VAST AND VARIED TOPOGRAPHY

CLIMATE COMPARISON INCLUDES THE LARGEST AREA OF HIGHLAND CLIMATE IN THE WORLD

Warm Cold

Dry Wet

COLONIAL SPHERES

ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS

CHINESE PERSPECTIVES ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREAT CULTURE HEARTHS CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION FOR OVER 4,000 YEARS VIEW OF CHINA AS THE CENTER OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD EASTERN VS WESTERN BIAS – Romans, Greeks vs. Chinese USED TO BE INWARD LOOKING/CLOSED SOCIETY

KONGFUZI (CONFUCIUS) CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER, BC CONFUCIANISM TOOK ON SPIRITUAL PROPORTIONS AFTER HIS DEATH FOCUSED ON THE SUFFERING OF ORDINARY PEOPLE DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES

EXTRATERRITORIALITY Page 469 A DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL LAW (the basis of “Diplomatic Immunity”). EMPLOYED IN CHINA DURING THE LATE 1800s AFFORDED IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL JURISDICTION CONSTITUTED AN EROSION OF CHINESE SOVEREIGNTY DISTINCT ENCLAVES EVOLVED

CHINA’S POPULATION BILLION; 118 MALES /100 FEMALES ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.6% (1970s - 3%) DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 Years (males), 73 Years (females) ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 358 PEOPLE/SQ MI PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,612 PEOPLE/SQ MI  ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (see next slide)

POPULATION DENSITY

CHINA’S LARGE CITIES  BEIJING (CAPITAL)  SHANGHI (LARGEST CITY)  TIANJIN (PORT CITY)  CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT) ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CHINA: SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

URBAN CHINA 41% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE (see Page 459) URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS  AIR POLLUTION  CONGESTION  WATER POLLUTION

REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM 1950s-1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED, AND FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY” DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES – EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

AGRICULTURAL REGIONS

ENERGY RESOURCES

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION – along the coast (pg 492) INVESTOR INCENTIVES LIKE: LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES

THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE CHARACTERISTICS  Great cities  Enormous consumption of raw materials  State-of-the-art industries  Voluminous exports  Global links  Trade surpluses  Rapid development

Transportation Cities JAPAN

JAPAN’S CORE AREA

MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power Adopted aspects of the British model. See movie “The Last Samurai”. Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world Focus was on industrialization and education system

EXPANSIONIST JAPAN Taiwan1895 Korea1910 Pacific IslandsPost WW I Manchuria1931 China1937 Hong Kong1939 Southeast Asia –1952: Allied Occupation

POPULATION COMPARISONS MILLION S

INDIA JAPAN AGE MALEFEMALE Percent of Population POPULATION PROFILES MALEFEMALE Percent of Population 3030

DECLINING JAPANESE POPULATION Population:127.9 million Birth rate: 9 births/1,000 Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate:0.1% Life expectancy:78 yrs (M), 85 yrs (F) Urbanization:78%

KOREA

The size of Idaho but with a population of 73 million (both Koreas) Turbulent political history  Was a dependency of China  Was a colony of Japan  Divided into 2 Koreas along the 38 th parallel by Allied Powers > WW II (1945)  Cease-fire line established in1953

NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS NORTH KOREA  55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural  Antiquated state enterprises  Inefficient, non-productive agriculture  Limited trade – mainly with former Soviet Union and China SOUTH KOREA  45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized  Modern factories  Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture  Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

THE KOREAS POPULATION 23,100,00048,700,000 GNP (BILLIONS)$ 21.3$ GNP/CAPITA $ 920$ 17,930 AGRICULTURERESTRICTIVEGOOD  (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 %  (% work force) 36 % 21 %

LAND USE PATTERNS Rugged Mountains Industrial Area Main Rice Producing Secondary Rice Producing Free Trade Zone

SEOUL Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) 9.6 million people Located in the northwest corner of South Korea The urban-industrial center  Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goods

TAIWAN

TAIWAN, ROC Historical background :  A Chinese province for centuries  Colonized by Japan in 1895  Returned to China > WWII  1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC), NOT the same as the Peoples Rep. of China. Territory - approximately 14,000 Square miles Population – 22.8 million 78% urbanized

FOUR ECONOMIC TIGERS “TIGER” Former State Date of Split SINGAPORE MALAYSIA 1965 HONG KONG CHINA 1841 TAIWAN CHINA 1949 SOUTH KOREA KOREA1952