D EVELOPING A PRESENTATION and improving your delivery Content adapted from: Tanka, J., and Baker, L. (1990). Interactions II. A listening/speaking book. New York: McGraw Hill. Koch, A. (1992). Speaking with a purpose (2 nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

PART I: F OCUSING ON THE CONTENT AND SEQUENCE OF THE PRESENTATION

A NALYZE YOUR AUDIENCE Before choosing or exploring your topic, you should be able to find out what kind of information your listeners might find interesting, useful, or necessary. Consider the following: Background information Current situation Wants and needs Knowledge of the subject

M EET SPECIAL GUIDELINES Make sure you are aware of: Due date Time limits Other guidelines (any other requirements)

C HOOSE A TOPIC Apply strategies that help you make your decision: Brainstorm topics of your interest Decide which one is more suitable for your audience and for the nature of the presentation

E XPLORE YOUR TOPIC Apply strategies that help you think of ideas related to your topic: Brainstorm and list key words related to your topic for a period of 5-10 minutes Do some freewriting for a period of 5-10 minutes Work with clustering After you have done any of the exercises above, cross out the ideas that do not seem to fit and spend five more minutes generating new ideas.

O RGANIZE YOUR IDEAS The main and secondary ideas of your topic may be sequenced and related through: Grouping and use of subtitles AND/OR Outlines

The purpose of an introduction is to: Attract your listeners’ interest Preview the content D EVELOP AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION

D EVELOP AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION : ATTRACT YOUR LISTENERS ’ INTEREST Relate your topic to your listeners’ concerns: You might explain how you (through your presentation) can help them achieve a goal, solve a problem, or improve their lives. Tell an anecdote that relates to your topic. Ask your listeners one or more questions. Use a quotation from an expert. Offer an interesting or surprising fact, opinion, or statement. NOTE: You should avoid beginning with: “The subject of my presentation is…,” or “I’m going to talk to you about…”

D EVELOP AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION : PREVIEW THE CONTENT After getting your listeners’ attention: State your topic clearly. Preview the order of the main ideas. NOTE: Be brief and to the point. You should never use the introduction to apologize to the audience for anything—for being nervous, for not being prepared, or for not being an expert on the subject.

D EVELOP A STRONG CONCLUSION You must avoid surprising the audience by suddenly announcing “That’s all,” or “I guess I’m finished.” Instead: Signal that your are about to finish the presentation. Make concluding comments. * Thank the audience. Ask whether the listeners have any questions. * Use one of the following in your concluding comments: Summarize the main points presented. Remind listener of the importance of what you have said. Predict future consequences of what you have described. Ask your listeners to take appropriate action.

P REPARE NOTE CARDS Decide if you will use note cards. If so, write them. Use standard cards or make them with cardboard. Use them unobtrusively, unless you are reading a direct quotation or complicated statistics. Make sure notes are legible. Avoid too much detail. Write only key words and phrases. Highlight, circle, or underline words you want to emphasize during the presentation.

E XAMPLE NOTE CARD (2) (the first…strenghthens) Collateral circulation—wider—new branches Dr. Fox (number-size) Steven McKain 12 million know/don’t visual aid

PART II: F OCUSING ON DELIVERY

P RACTICE THE SPEECH 1 Allow ample time for practice. Before rehearsing, make sure that: Your presentation is “content ready.” You have finished the manuscript (if needed) and the note cards (if you will use any). You have all the correct vocabulary in English for what you need to say. You have checked and registered the pronunciation of all the new words you will have to use during your speech.

P RACTICE THE SPEECH 2 1. Begin by practicing the meaning and pronunciation of new words until you feel you can remember and use them appropriately. 2. Practice delivering the your speech from 2 to 5 times. Go through the entire speech during each practice. If you hit a trouble spot, don’t stop and start over. 3. Always practice with the same outline, manuscript, or note cards. 4. Rehearse as if you are talking to your intended audience. Ideally, have a speaker of English listen to you and make comments on delivery.

5. Do not try to deliver your speech the same way each time you practice it. Spontaneity is an important characteristic. Delivering a memorized speech the same way each time could inhibit your vocal variety. 6. Do not coordinate specific gestures with the exact wording of your speech. A planned or stilted gesture is worse than no gesture at all. 7. Do not go over the speech in your head; practice it aloud with the same volume you plan to use in delivering it. 8. Practice the speech with any visual you plan to use. 9. If you can video record your practice, do it. Be critical and objective when evaluating yourself.

OVERCOMING STAGE FRIGHT Prepare your speech carefully. Practice your speech adequately. Develop a positive mental attitude about speaking. Keep in mind that it is natural to be nervous about doing anything important. Be alert both mentally and physically. Before speaking, boost your self-confidence by saying to yourself, “I’ll do a good job!” “I am well prepared!” “My audience will enjoy this!” Go through a few stretching and breathing exercises prior to speaking. Look for friendly faces in the audience. Listen carefully to the speakers who precede you. If you can relate your speech to theirs, you will demonstrate security to your audience.