A decision making process that achieves the resolution of social conflicts between two or more people in their natural environment (Shantz, 1987; D’Zurilla, Nezu & Maydeu-Olivares, 2004; D’Zurilla & Nezu, 1982). A decision making process that achieves the resolution of social conflicts between two or more people in their natural environment (Shantz, 1987; D’Zurilla, Nezu & Maydeu-Olivares, 2004; D’Zurilla & Nezu, 1982). Incorporates multiple components Incorporates multiple components

Protective factor and stress-buffer Protective factor and stress-buffer Determine social ability; predict social adjustment and social competence Determine social ability; predict social adjustment and social competence Preferred by peers, more empathetic, frustration tolerance Preferred by peers, more empathetic, frustration tolerance More focused; higher academic achievement More focused; higher academic achievement Less destructive behaviour in both school and home environments Less destructive behaviour in both school and home environments Deficits found in children with behavioural and emotional problems Deficits found in children with behavioural and emotional problems Long term: lesser stress in college, less likely to experience childhood and adulthood depression Long term: lesser stress in college, less likely to experience childhood and adulthood depression

Parent training Parent training Teacher classroom management training Teacher classroom management training Child skills training Child skills training

One of seven areas in the Welsh school curriculum for pupils aged between 3 and 19 years (Welsh Government, 2014) One of seven areas in the Welsh school curriculum for pupils aged between 3 and 19 years (Welsh Government, 2014) Compulsory for ages (Personal and Social Education, 2012) Compulsory for ages (Personal and Social Education, 2012) Each school’s individual responsibility to ensure that all learners receive PSE to suit their particular needs (Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, 2008) Each school’s individual responsibility to ensure that all learners receive PSE to suit their particular needs (Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, 2008) IY Child Dinosaur Classroom Curriculum IY Child Dinosaur Classroom Curriculum Personal, Social and Health Education in England (PSHE; Department for Education, 2013). Personal, Social and Health Education in England (PSHE; Department for Education, 2013).

(Webster-Stratton, 1990) 15 problem situations (11 themes)15 problem situations (11 themes) Child asked to generate possible solutionsChild asked to generate possible solutions Coded as positive, negative or neutralCoded as positive, negative or neutral 59 pre-defined possible solutions59 pre-defined possible solutions 2 scores calculated:2 scores calculated: -no. of different positive responses generated -ratio of positive to negative responses

Suppose you are lonely and want to play with other kids in the playground. What would you do? Suppose you are lonely and want to play with other kids in the playground. What would you do? Suppose this boy has been playing for a long, long time with a bike and you wanted to play with it. What would you do? Suppose this boy has been playing for a long, long time with a bike and you wanted to play with it. What would you do? Suppose you want to meet a new kid who has just come into your neighborhood. What would you do? Suppose you want to meet a new kid who has just come into your neighborhood. What would you do?

App based for iPads App based for iPads 4 illustrated hypothetical SPS situations 4 illustrated hypothetical SPS situations After each situation, child presented with solutions After each situation, child presented with solutions These can be rated on a smiley face likert scale as: These can be rated on a smiley face likert scale as: -Yes, this would work -This would work sometimes -No, this would not work

Questions: Joining Social Interaction Joining Social Interaction Object Acquisition Object Acquisition Avoiding adult anger Avoiding adult anger Avoiding child anger/ bullying Avoiding child anger/ bullyingScoring: Flexibility/ alternate solutions Flexibility/ alternate solutions Quality Quality

Unisex names Unisex names Distance the child from the situation Distance the child from the situation Minimal options Minimal options

Design test items Design test items Illustrations Illustrations Design scoring method Design scoring method Pilot Pilot Refine tool Refine tool

This is Zip. Zip needs your help!

You will be shown Zip’s problems and things that Zip could do to solve them. Please can you click on the a face to let Zip know whether to do each thing. You will be shown Zip’s problems and things that Zip could do to solve them. Please can you click on the a face to let Zip know whether to do each thing. = This would work = This would sometimes work = This would not work